Unit 8
Tolak Jisim
Di ladang, seekor biri-biri berjisim 31 kg 150 g dan seekor kambing berjisim 28 kg 400 g.
Berapakah beza jisim dua ekor haiwan itu?

质量减法 = tolak jisim;相差 = beza
这一课学质量的减法。农场里的绵羊 31 kg 150 g,山羊 28 kg 400 g,两只相差多少,就用大的减小的。减的时候也是公斤对公斤、克对克,克不够减就要向公斤借。
例子:一袋 900 g 的米用掉 300 g,还剩 600 g。
注意:向公斤借 1,借来的是 1 000 g,不是 10 g 或 100 g。
subtracting mass = tolak jisim; difference = beza
In this unit we subtract masses. On the farm a sheep weighs 31 kg 150 g and a goat 28 kg 400 g; to find how much they differ, we take the smaller mass from the larger. Kilograms stay with kilograms and grams with grams, and when the grams are too small we borrow from the kilograms.
Example: a 900 g bag of rice with 300 g used has 600 g left.
Watch out: borrowing 1 kg brings 1 000 g, not 10 g or 100 g.
Unit yang sama
850 g − 320 g · 45 kg − 18 kg
Tolak seperti nombor biasa, tulis unitnya
| g | |
|---|---|
| 850 | |
| − | 320 |
| 530 |
| kg | |
|---|---|
| 45 | |
| − | 18 |
| 27 |
同单位相减 = tolak unit yang sama
单位一样时就是普通减法:850 − 320 = 530,写 530 g。45 − 18:个位 5 不够减 8,向十位借 1,15 − 8 = 7,十位 3 − 1 = 2,得 27 kg。这里的借位是普通的借 1 当 10。
例子:600 g − 250 g = 350 g;70 kg − 34 kg = 36 kg。
注意:减完要把单位写回去,答案的单位跟题目一样。
subtracting the same unit = tolak unit yang sama
When the units match, it is an ordinary subtraction: 850 − 320 = 530, so write 530 g. For 45 − 18, the ones digit 5 is less than 8, so borrow 1 ten: 15 − 8 = 7 and 3 − 1 = 2, giving 27 kg. This borrowing is the usual one ten.
Example: 600 g − 250 g = 350 g; 70 kg − 34 kg = 36 kg.
Watch out: put the unit back after subtracting; it is the same unit as in the question.
Bentuk lazim
6 kg 780 g − 2 kg 350 g
Tolak gram dahulu, kemudian kilogram
| kg | g | |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | 780 | |
| − | 2 | 350 |
| 4 | 430 |
g: 780 − 350 = 430 · kg: 6 − 2 = 4
分栏减法 = tolak dalam dua lajur
被减数写上面,减数写下面,公斤一栏、克一栏。先减右边的克:780 − 350 = 430,够减,不用借。再减左边的公斤:6 − 2 = 4。答案 4 kg 430 g。
例子:9 kg 560 g − 5 kg 120 g → 560 − 120 = 440 → 9 − 5 = 4 → 4 kg 440 g。
注意:大的质量一定写在上面,不能上下对调。
subtracting in two columns = tolak dalam dua lajur
Write the larger mass on top and the smaller one below, with one column for kilograms and one for grams. Subtract the grams on the right first: 780 − 350 = 430, which needs no borrowing. Then subtract the kilograms: 6 − 2 = 4. The answer is 4 kg 430 g.
Example: 9 kg 560 g − 5 kg 120 g → 560 − 120 = 440 → 9 − 5 = 4 → 4 kg 440 g.
Watch out: the bigger mass always goes on top; never swap the rows.
Cuba
9 kg 640 g − 4 kg 215 g = ?
| kg | g | |
|---|---|---|
| 9 | 640 | |
| − | 4 | 215 |
| ? | ? |
克栏里的借位 = pinjam dalam lajur gram
克:640 − 215,个位 0 不够减 5,向十位借 1,10 − 5 = 5,十位 3 − 1 = 2,百位 6 − 2 = 4,得 425。公斤:9 − 4 = 5。答案 5 kg 425 g。
例子:7 kg 830 g − 2 kg 418 g = 5 kg 412 g。
注意:5 kg 435 g 是个位用 5 − 0 倒过来减;13 kg 855 g 是做成了加法。
borrowing inside the gram column = pinjam dalam lajur gram
Grams: in 640 − 215 the ones digit 0 is less than 5, so borrow a ten: 10 − 5 = 5, then 3 − 1 = 2 in the tens and 6 − 2 = 4 in the hundreds, giving 425. Kilograms: 9 − 4 = 5. The answer is 5 kg 425 g.
Example: 7 kg 830 g − 2 kg 418 g = 5 kg 412 g.
Watch out: 5 kg 435 g subtracts 5 − 0 the wrong way round, and 13 kg 855 g adds instead of subtracting.
Pinjam 1 kg
31 kg 150 g − 28 kg 400 g
1 kg dipinjam = 1 000 g
Pinjam 1 kg → 1 000 g + 150 g = 1 150 g → 1 150 − 400 = 750
借一当千 = pinjam 1 kg jadi 1 000 g
克栏 150 不够减 400,就向公斤栏借 1:31 划掉改成 30。借来的 1 kg 是 1 000 g,要先跟原来的 150 g 合起来,变成 1 150 g,再减 400,得 750。公斤栏:30 − 28 = 2。绵羊比山羊重 2 kg 750 g。
例子:5 kg 200 g − 2 kg 600 g → 1 200 − 600 = 600 → 4 − 2 = 2 → 2 kg 600 g。
注意:借来的 1 000 要加上原来的 150,不能直接用 1 000 − 400。
borrowing one as a thousand = pinjam 1 kg jadi 1 000 g
In the gram column 150 is less than 400, so borrow 1 from the kilograms: cross out 31 and write 30. The borrowed 1 kg is 1 000 g; join it with the 150 g already there to make 1 150 g, then subtract 400 to get 750. Kilogram column: 30 − 28 = 2. The sheep is 2 kg 750 g heavier than the goat.
Example: 5 kg 200 g − 2 kg 600 g → 1 200 − 600 = 600 → 4 − 2 = 2 → 2 kg 600 g.
Watch out: the borrowed 1 000 must be added to the 150 first; do not just work out 1 000 − 400.
Cuba
7 kg 200 g − 3 kg 650 g = ?
| kg | g | |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | 200 | |
| − | 3 | 650 |
| ? | ? |
克不够减 = gram tidak cukup
200 < 650,向公斤借 1:7 变 6,克变 1 000 + 200 = 1 200,1 200 − 650 = 550。公斤:6 − 3 = 3。答案 3 kg 550 g。
例子:4 kg 100 g − 1 kg 400 g → 1 100 − 400 = 700 → 3 − 1 = 2 → 2 kg 700 g。
注意:4 kg 450 g 是用 650 − 200 倒过来减;4 kg 550 g 借了却忘了把 7 改成 6。
not enough grams = gram tidak cukup
200 is less than 650, so borrow 1 kg: 7 becomes 6 and the grams become 1 000 + 200 = 1 200; 1 200 − 650 = 550. Kilograms: 6 − 3 = 3. The answer is 3 kg 550 g.
Example: 4 kg 100 g − 1 kg 400 g → 1 100 − 400 = 700 → 3 − 1 = 2 → 2 kg 700 g.
Watch out: 4 kg 450 g subtracts 650 − 200 the wrong way round, and 4 kg 550 g borrows but forgets to change 7 to 6.
Kilogram bulat
5 kg − 1 kg 360 g
Tulis 0 g, kemudian pinjam 1 kg
| kg | g | |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | 1 000 | |
| 0 | ||
| − | 1 | 360 |
| 3 | 640 |
1 000 − 360 = 640 · 4 − 1 = 3
整公斤减复名数 = kg bulat tolak kg dan g
5 kg 没有克,克栏先写 0。0 不够减 360,向公斤借 1:5 划掉改 4,克栏变成 1 000。1 000 − 360 = 640。公斤:4 − 1 = 3。答案 3 kg 640 g。
例子:3 kg − 750 g → 借 1 → 1 000 − 750 = 250 → 2 kg 250 g。
注意:1 000 − 360 可以想成“360 再加多少到 1 000”:加 40 到 400,再加 600,共 640。
whole kilograms minus kg and g = kg bulat tolak kg dan g
5 kg has no grams, so write 0 in the gram column first. 0 is less than 360, so borrow 1 kg: cross out 5 and write 4, and the gram column becomes 1 000. 1 000 − 360 = 640. Kilograms: 4 − 1 = 3. The answer is 3 kg 640 g.
Example: 3 kg − 750 g → borrow 1 → 1 000 − 750 = 250 → 2 kg 250 g.
Watch out: think of 1 000 − 360 as counting up from 360: add 40 to reach 400, then 600 more, which is 640 in all.
Cuba
8 kg − 2 kg 475 g = ?
| kg | g | |
|---|---|---|
| 8 | 0 | |
| − | 2 | 475 |
| ? | ? |
从 1 000 里减 = tolak daripada 1 000
8 kg 写成 8 kg 0 g。借 1:8 变 7,克栏 1 000 − 475 = 525。公斤:7 − 2 = 5。答案 5 kg 525 g。
例子:6 kg − 1 kg 200 g = 4 kg 800 g。
注意:6 kg 475 g 是把 475 照抄下来;6 kg 525 g 借了 1 kg 却没把 8 改成 7。
subtracting from 1 000 = tolak daripada 1 000
Write 8 kg as 8 kg 0 g. Borrow 1: 8 becomes 7 and the gram column gives 1 000 − 475 = 525. Kilograms: 7 − 2 = 5. The answer is 5 kg 525 g.
Example: 6 kg − 1 kg 200 g = 4 kg 800 g.
Watch out: 6 kg 475 g just copies the 475 down, and 6 kg 525 g borrows a kilogram without changing 8 to 7.
Berapa lebih berat?
Angsa 4 kg 300 g · Ayam 1 kg 850 g
Beza = jisim besar − jisim kecil
| kg | g | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | 1 300 | |
| 300 | ||
| − | 1 | 850 |
| 2 | 450 |
Angsa lebih berat 2 kg 450 g daripada ayam
重多少 = berapa lebih berat
问“鹅比鸡重多少”,就是求两个质量的差,用大的减小的:4 kg 300 g − 1 kg 850 g。300 不够减 850,借 1 kg,1 300 − 850 = 450;公斤 3 − 1 = 2。鹅比鸡重 2 kg 450 g。
例子:鸭 2 kg 600 g,鸡 1 kg 900 g → 相差 700 g。
注意:“lebih berat”和“lebih ringan”问的都是差,都用减法。
how much heavier = berapa lebih berat
Asking how much heavier the goose is than the chicken means finding the difference, so take the smaller mass from the larger: 4 kg 300 g − 1 kg 850 g. 300 is less than 850, so borrow 1 kg: 1 300 − 850 = 450; kilograms 3 − 1 = 2. The goose is 2 kg 450 g heavier.
Example: a duck of 2 kg 600 g and a chicken of 1 kg 900 g differ by 700 g.
Watch out: both lebih berat and lebih ringan ask for a difference, so both need subtraction.
Cuba
Seekor ayam belanda 9 kg 50 g. Seekor angsa 4 kg 600 g. Berapa lebih ringan angsa?
| kg | g | |
|---|---|---|
| 9 | 50 | |
| − | 4 | 600 |
| ? | ? |
轻多少 = berapa lebih ringan
轻多少也是求差:9 kg 50 g − 4 kg 600 g。50 不够减 600,借 1 kg:9 变 8,克 1 000 + 50 = 1 050,1 050 − 600 = 450。公斤 8 − 4 = 4。鹅轻 4 kg 450 g。
例子:10 kg 20 g − 3 kg 500 g = 6 kg 520 g。
注意:5 kg 550 g 是用 600 − 50 倒着减,而且没借位。
how much lighter = berapa lebih ringan
How much lighter is also a difference: 9 kg 50 g − 4 kg 600 g. 50 is less than 600, so borrow 1 kg: 9 becomes 8 and the grams become 1 000 + 50 = 1 050; 1 050 − 600 = 450. Kilograms 8 − 4 = 4. The goose is 4 kg 450 g lighter.
Example: 10 kg 20 g − 3 kg 500 g = 6 kg 520 g.
Watch out: 5 kg 550 g subtracts 600 − 50 backwards and never borrows.
Padankan
Hasil tolak jisim
配对差 = padankan hasil tolak
1 kg = 1 000 g,1 000 − 300 = 700 g。5 kg 500 g − 2 kg 500 g:克 500 − 500 = 0,公斤 5 − 2 = 3,得 3 kg。3 kg 100 g − 600 g:借 1 kg,1 100 − 600 = 500,公斤 2,得 2 kg 500 g。64 − 29 = 35 kg。
例子:2 kg − 400 g = 1 kg 600 g。
注意:克刚好减成 0 时,答案只写公斤就行。
matching differences = padankan hasil tolak
1 kg = 1 000 g, and 1 000 − 300 = 700 g. 5 kg 500 g − 2 kg 500 g: grams 500 − 500 = 0 and kilograms 5 − 2 = 3, giving 3 kg. 3 kg 100 g − 600 g: borrow 1 kg, 1 100 − 600 = 500, with 2 kg left, giving 2 kg 500 g. 64 − 29 = 35 kg.
Example: 2 kg − 400 g = 1 kg 600 g.
Watch out: when the grams come to exactly 0, the answer can be written in kilograms only.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
g dahulu → pinjam 1 kg = 1 000 g → kg
Jisim besar di atas. Tolak gram dahulu; jika tidak cukup, pinjam 1 kg dan tambah 1 000 g. Kemudian tolak kg.
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