Unit 2
Kegunaan dan Jenis Takal
Pada Hari Kemerdekaan, Arif dipilih untuk menaikkan Jalur Gemilang. Dia menarik tali ke bawah perlahan-lahan, dan bendera naik ke puncak tiang.
Di mana lagi kita menggunakan takal? Mari kenal kegunaan dan jenis takal!
用途 = kegunaan；种类 = jenis；国旗 = Jalur Gemilang
国庆日，Arif 负责升国旗，他慢慢把绳子往下拉，国旗就升到旗杆顶。这一课看看生活里哪里用到滑轮，学习用回收材料设计一个会动的滑轮模型，再认识三种滑轮，最后复习整个机械单元。
例子：旗杆顶上那个小轮子，就是这一课的第一个例子。
注意：这一课最后有复习题，要用到上一课学过的滑轮部件名称。
uses = kegunaan; types = jenis; national flag = Jalur Gemilang
On Independence Day, Arif raises the Jalur Gemilang: he pulls the rope down slowly and the flag climbs to the top of the pole. This lesson looks at where pulleys are used in daily life, how to design a working pulley model from recycled materials, the three types of pulley, and a review of the whole Machines unit.
Example: the little wheel at the top of the flagpole is the first example in this lesson.
Watch out: the review at the end needs the pulley part names from the previous lesson.
Kegunaan takal
Menaikkan bendera
Takal tetap di puncak tiang bendera
Tanpa takal, kita perlu memanjat tiang. Dengan takal, kita hanya menarik tali dari bawah.
升旗 = menaikkan bendera；旗杆顶 = puncak tiang；爬 = memanjat
旗杆顶上装了一个定滑轮。动画里，手把绳子往下拉，国旗就沿着旗杆往上升。如果没有滑轮，就得爬到旗杆顶上去挂旗，又危险又辛苦。
例子：学校每个星期一的升旗礼，都靠这个小滑轮把国旗升上去。
注意：降旗时是反过来，慢慢放松绳子，国旗就往下降。
raise a flag = menaikkan bendera; top of the pole = puncak tiang; climb = memanjat
A fixed pulley sits at the top of the flagpole. In the animation the hand pulls the rope down and the flag rises up the pole. Without the pulley, someone would have to climb to the top to hang the flag, which is dangerous and tiring.
Example: every Monday assembly, this small pulley carries the flag up the school pole.
Watch out: lowering the flag works the other way round: let the rope out slowly and the flag comes down.
Cuba
Antara berikut, yang manakah menggunakan takal?
找出用滑轮的东西 = cari yang menggunakan takal
旗杆顶上有轮子和绳子，用来把旗子升上去，所以旗杆用到滑轮。长尺和书包都没有轮子和绳子，不会用来吊东西。
例子：窗帘的拉绳、晒衣架的升降绳，有些也用到滑轮。
注意：判断的方法是找“轮子＋绳子＋往上提东西”。
spotting a pulley = cari yang menggunakan takal
A flagpole has a wheel and a rope at the top to raise the flag, so it uses a pulley. A long ruler and a school bag have no wheel and rope and are not used for lifting.
Example: some curtain cords and pull-up clothes racks also use small pulleys.
Watch out: to decide, look for a wheel, a rope and something being lifted.
Kegunaan takal
Takal dalam kehidupan harian
Takal memudahkan kerja mengangkat
Perigi
menimba air dengan baldi
Bot nelayan
menarik pukat yang berat
Kren
mengangkat bahan binaan
Kereta kabel
membawa penumpang ke puncak bukit
井 = perigi；打水 = menimba air；渔网 = pukat；渔夫 = nelayan
滑轮在生活中很常见：乡下的井上装滑轮，打水比较轻松；渔夫在船上用滑轮拉起很重的渔网；起重机用滑轮吊建材；缆车也靠滑轮带动。
例子：渔夫把装满鱼的网从海里拉上船，滑轮让他可以站稳了往下拉。
注意：这些例子里，滑轮都是用来“提起”或“拉动”很重的东西。
well = perigi; draw water = menimba air; fishing net = pukat; fisherman = nelayan
Pulleys are common in daily life: a pulley over a village well makes drawing water easier; fishermen use pulleys to haul in heavy nets; cranes lift building materials with pulleys; cable cars are moved with the help of pulleys.
Example: a fisherman hauls a net full of fish onto the boat, and the pulley lets him stand steady and pull downwards.
Watch out: in all these examples the pulley is used to lift or pull something heavy.
Cuba
Nelayan memasang takal di bot untuk …
渔夫用滑轮 = nelayan guna takal
渔网装满鱼和海水，非常重，渔夫用滑轮把它拉上船。发动引擎用的是钥匙或拉绳启动器，洗鱼用水，跟滑轮无关。
例子：大型渔船上有很大的滑轮，一次能拉起几百公斤的鱼。
注意：看到“很重、要拉起来”，就想到滑轮。
fishermen and pulleys = nelayan guna takal
A net full of fish and seawater is very heavy, so the fisherman uses a pulley to haul it onto the boat. Starting the engine uses a key or starter, and washing fish uses water; neither needs a pulley.
Example: big fishing boats have large pulleys that can haul in hundreds of kilograms of fish at once.
Watch out: when something heavy must be pulled up, think of a pulley.
Fikir
Mengapakah lebih mudah menimba air dari perigi dengan takal?
推理 = menaakul
有了滑轮，打水时只要站在井边把绳子往下拉，水桶就升上来；往下拉比弯腰往上提轻松，还能用到身体的重量。水桶不会变小，井水也不会变少。
例子：没有滑轮时，要弯着腰把整桶水往上提，腰很容易酸。
注意：答案要连到“改变力的方向”，不要说重物变轻了。
reasoning = menaakul
With a pulley, we stand by the well and pull the rope down, and the bucket comes up; pulling down is easier than bending and lifting, and our body weight helps. The bucket does not shrink and the well water does not decrease.
Example: without a pulley, you must bend over and heave the full bucket upwards, which strains the back.
Watch out: link the answer to changing the direction of the force; do not say the load became lighter.
Reka cipta
Model takal berfungsi
Masalah: bekalan air terputus di pangsapuri
1Kenal pasti masalah: baldi air berat, tangga tinggi.
2Jana idea: gunakan takal untuk menaikkan baldi.
3Lakar idea dan labelkan bahagiannya.
4Sediakan alat dan bahan kitar semula: penutup botol (roda), lidi (gandar), tali.
5Bina model, uji dan tambah baik.
发明创造 = reka cipta；找出问题 = mengenal pasti masalah；构思 = menjana idea；草图 = lakaran idea；回收材料 = bahan kitar semula
公寓停水了，住在高楼层的人提水爬楼梯很辛苦。我们可以按发明步骤做一个会动的滑轮模型：先找出问题，再想办法，画草图，准备回收材料（瓶盖当轮子、竹签当轴、绳子），做出模型，测试后再改进。
例子：如果测试时绳子老是滑出来，可以把瓶盖的边磨出一圈槽。
注意：用剪刀和刀片时要小心，请大人帮忙。
invention = reka cipta; identify the problem = mengenal pasti masalah; generate ideas = menjana idea; sketch = lakaran idea; recycled materials = bahan kitar semula
The water supply in a block of flats is cut, and people on the upper floors struggle to carry buckets up the stairs. We can design a working pulley model by following the invention process: identify the problem, generate ideas, sketch the idea, prepare recycled materials (a bottle cap as the wheel, a skewer as the axle, string), build the model, then test and improve it.
Example: if the string keeps slipping off during testing, cut a groove around the edge of the bottle cap.
Watch out: take care with scissors and blades, and ask an adult to help.
Susun
Susun proses reka cipta
发明步骤顺序 = urutan proses reka cipta
发明要先知道问题是什么，才能想办法；有了想法，就把它画成草图；最后才动手做模型并测试。顺序是：找问题 → 想点子 → 画草图 → 做模型和测试。
例子：Siti 先发现奶奶提水很辛苦，才想到做一个滑轮。
注意：一开始就动手做，常常会浪费材料。
order of the invention process = urutan proses reka cipta
An invention starts by knowing the problem, then thinking of solutions; once there is an idea, it is drawn as a sketch; building and testing the model comes last. The order is: problem, ideas, sketch, build and test.
Example: Siti first noticed that her grandmother struggled to carry water, and only then thought of a pulley.
Watch out: starting to build straight away often wastes materials.
Cuba
Dalam model takal Siti, lidi dimasukkan ke tengah penutup botol. Lidi itu berfungsi sebagai …
模型的轴 = gandar model
瓶盖当轮子，从中间穿过的竹签就是轴，轮子绕着它转。重物是被提起来的东西；轮槽是轮子边缘放绳子的凹槽。
例子：玩具车的车轮中间那根小铁棒，也是轴。
注意：轴在轮子中间，槽在轮子边缘，位置完全不同。
the axle of the model = gandar model
The bottle cap is the wheel, and the skewer through its centre is the axle that the wheel turns on. The load is the thing being lifted, and the groove is the channel round the rim for the string.
Example: the small metal rod through the middle of a toy car's wheel is also an axle.
Watch out: the axle is at the centre of the wheel and the groove is at its edge; they are in completely different places.
Jenis takal
Tiga jenis takal
Takal tetap, takal bergerak, takal bergabung
Takal tetap
roda dipasang di satu tempat; contoh: tiang bendera
Takal bergerak
roda bergerak bersama beban
Takal bergabung
gabungan takal tetap dan takal bergerak; contoh: kren kontena di pelabuhan
定滑轮 = takal tetap；动滑轮 = takal bergerak；滑轮组 = takal bergabung；码头 = pelabuhan；卸货 = memunggah
滑轮有三种：定滑轮固定在一个地方，只会转，不会移动；动滑轮跟着重物一起上下移动；滑轮组是定滑轮和动滑轮合在一起用。码头的货柜起重机用滑轮组，把很重的货柜从船上卸下来。
例子：旗杆用的是定滑轮，因为轮子一直留在旗杆顶。
注意：看轮子会不会跟着重物移动，就能分辨定滑轮和动滑轮。
fixed pulley = takal tetap; movable pulley = takal bergerak; combined pulley = takal bergabung; port = pelabuhan; unload = memunggah
There are three types of pulley. A fixed pulley is attached in one place and only turns. A movable pulley travels up and down together with the load. A combined pulley joins fixed and movable pulleys together. Container cranes at a port use combined pulleys to unload very heavy containers from ships.
Example: a flagpole uses a fixed pulley, because its wheel always stays at the top of the pole.
Watch out: check whether the wheel moves with the load to tell a fixed pulley from a movable one.
Cuba
Kren di pelabuhan memunggah kontena yang sangat berat. Kren itu menggunakan …
货柜起重机 = kren kontena
货柜非常重，码头的起重机用滑轮组，也就是定滑轮和动滑轮合起来用，才吊得动。只用一个定滑轮只能改变方向，不够吊这么重的东西；脚车轮子不是滑轮。
例子：亚庇港口的大起重机，就是用滑轮组把货柜吊上卡车。
注意：越重的东西，越需要用滑轮组。
container crane = kren kontena
Containers are extremely heavy, so port cranes use combined pulleys, fixed and movable pulleys working together, to lift them. A single fixed pulley only changes direction and is not enough for such a load, and a bicycle wheel is not a pulley.
Example: the big cranes at Kota Kinabalu port use combined pulleys to lift containers onto lorries.
Watch out: the heavier the load, the more a combined pulley is needed.
Padankan
Jenis takal dan cirinya
种类配对 = padankan jenis
定滑轮：轮子一直在同一个地方。动滑轮：轮子跟着重物一起移动。滑轮组：把定滑轮和动滑轮两种合在一起。
例子：起重机吊钩上方那个会跟着上下的轮子，就是动滑轮。
注意：名字里的 tetap 是“固定”，bergerak 是“会动”，bergabung 是“合起来”。
matching types = padankan jenis
Fixed pulley: the wheel stays in one place. Movable pulley: the wheel moves along with the load. Combined pulley: both kinds joined together.
Example: the wheel just above a crane's hook that goes up and down with it is a movable pulley.
Watch out: in the names, tetap means fixed, bergerak means moving and bergabung means combined.
Ingat semula
Rumusan unit Mesin
Takal di tapak pembinaan dan di sekeliling kita
Maksud
takal = mesin ringkas
Bahagian
roda, alur, gandar, tali
Cara
tarik ke bawah → beban naik
Jenis
tetap, bergerak, bergabung
Kegunaan
tiang bendera, perigi, pukat, kren
Santai Sains: bina model kren daripada kadbod dan lidi.
复习 = ingat semula；高楼 = bangunan bertingkat；纸皮 = kadbod
机械单元重点：滑轮是简单机械；部件有轮子、轮槽、轴、绳子；定滑轮改变力的方向，往下拉、重物往上；滑轮有定滑轮、动滑轮、滑轮组三种；旗杆、井、渔船、起重机都用到滑轮。工地上的起重机帮忙盖高楼，我们也可以用纸皮和竹签做一个起重机模型。
例子：起重机模型的吊臂末端装一个瓶盖滑轮，转动线轴就能吊起小积木。
注意：复习时把“部件、作用、种类、用途”分开记，比较不会乱。
review = ingat semula; multi-storey building = bangunan bertingkat; cardboard = kadbod
Key points of the Machines unit: a pulley is a simple machine; its parts are the wheel, groove, axle and rope; a fixed pulley changes the direction of force, so pulling down lifts the load; pulleys come as fixed, movable and combined; flagpoles, wells, fishing boats and cranes use them. Cranes help build tall buildings, and we can make a model crane from cardboard and skewers.
Example: put a bottle-cap pulley at the end of the model crane's arm, turn the spool and a small block rises.
Watch out: revise the parts, the job, the types and the uses as separate groups so they do not get muddled.
Mari jawab
Tali takal diletakkan di bahagian …
绳子放在哪里 = tali di mana
绳子放在轮子边缘那一圈凹槽，也就是轮槽里，这样拉的时候不会滑出去。轴在轮子中间；tapak 是起重机的底座，不是滑轮的部件。
例子：缝纫机线轴上的线，也是卷在凹进去的地方。
注意：轮槽（alur）是专门放绳子的。
where the rope goes = tali di mana
The rope sits in the groove around the rim of the wheel, so it does not slip off when pulled. The axle is at the centre of the wheel, and tapak is the base of a crane, not a part of the pulley.
Example: thread on a sewing spool also winds into the hollow part in the middle of the spool.
Watch out: the groove (alur) is the part made specially to hold the rope.
Mari jawab
Arif menarik tali ke bawah dan bendera naik. Roda di puncak tiang tidak bergerak naik atau turun. Takal itu ialah …
判断滑轮种类 = kenal jenis takal
旗杆顶的轮子一直留在原地，不会跟着旗子上下，而且它把往下的拉力变成往上，所以是定滑轮。动滑轮会跟着重物一起移动；滑轮组要有两种滑轮合起来。
例子：井上方固定在横梁上的滑轮，也是定滑轮。
注意：题目里“轮子不上下移动”就是关键线索。
identifying the type = kenal jenis takal
The wheel at the top of the pole stays put and does not travel with the flag, and it turns a downward pull into an upward lift, so it is a fixed pulley. A movable pulley travels with the load, and a combined pulley needs both kinds together.
Example: the pulley fixed to a beam above a well is also a fixed pulley.
Watch out: the clue in the question is that the wheel does not move up or down.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
tetap · bergerak · bergabung
Takal digunakan pada tiang bendera, perigi, bot nelayan dan kren. Ada tiga jenis takal: takal tetap, takal bergerak dan takal bergabung.
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