Unit 1
Takal dan Cara Ia Berfungsi
Dari anjung rumah, Mei Ling dan datuknya memerhati sebuah kren di tapak pembinaan. Kren itu mengangkat besi yang berat ke tingkat atas.
“Kren ada takal,” kata datuk. Mari kenal takal dan cara ia berfungsi!
滑轮 = takal；起重机 = kren；工地 = tapak pembinaan
Mei Ling 和爷爷在家门口看工地上的起重机把很重的铁条吊到高楼上。爷爷说起重机上有滑轮。这一课认识滑轮是什么、它由哪些部分组成，以及定滑轮怎样帮我们把东西吊上去。
例子：学校升旗时，旗杆顶上那个会转的小轮子就是滑轮。
注意：起重机很大，但它用的道理跟旗杆上的小滑轮一样。
pulley = takal; crane = kren; construction site = tapak pembinaan
From the porch, Mei Ling and her grandfather watch a crane at a building site lift heavy steel bars to an upper floor. Grandfather says the crane has a pulley. This lesson explains what a pulley is, what parts it has and how a fixed pulley helps us lift things up.
Example: at the school flag-raising, the little turning wheel at the top of the pole is a pulley.
Watch out: a crane is huge, yet it works on the same idea as the small pulley on a flagpole.
Mesin ringkas
Takal ialah mesin ringkas
Mesin memudahkan kerja kita
Kren
mengangkat bahan binaan yang berat
Kereta kabel
bergerak di sepanjang kabel ke puncak bukit
Tiang bendera
menaikkan bendera ke atas
Takal = mesin ringkas yang terdiri daripada roda dan tali
机器 = mesin；简单机械 = mesin ringkas；缆车 = kereta kabel；旗杆 = tiang bendera
机器是让工作变容易的工具。滑轮是一种简单机械，由轮子和绳子组成，可以帮助我们提起重物。起重机、缆车和旗杆上都有滑轮。
例子：云顶的缆车沿着钢缆上山，钢缆就绕在大滑轮上。
注意：简单机械不需要很复杂，只用轮子和绳子也算机器。
machine = mesin; simple machine = mesin ringkas; cable car = kereta kabel; flagpole = tiang bendera
A machine is a tool that makes our work easier. A pulley is a simple machine made of a wheel and a rope, and it helps us lift loads. Pulleys are found on cranes, cable cars and flagpoles.
Example: a cable car going up a hill runs along a steel cable that loops around big pulleys.
Watch out: a simple machine need not be complicated; a wheel with a rope already counts as one.
Cuba
Takal ialah sejenis …
滑轮是什么 = takal ialah apa
滑轮由轮子和绳子组成，用来帮我们提起重物，所以它是一种简单机械。它不是车辆，也不是盖房子用的材料。
例子：杠杆也是一种简单机械，跷跷板就是杠杆。
注意：起重机是重型机械，但起重机里的滑轮本身是简单机械。
what a pulley is = takal ialah apa
A pulley is a wheel with a rope that helps us lift loads, so it is a simple machine. It is not a vehicle, and it is not a building material.
Example: a lever is another simple machine, and a seesaw is a lever.
Watch out: a crane is heavy machinery, but the pulley inside it is itself a simple machine.
Bahagian takal
Bahagian takal tetap
Takal tetap tidak bergerak ke atas atau ke bawah
轮子 = roda；轮槽 = alur；轴 = gandar；绳子 = tali；重物 = beban；力 = daya
定滑轮的各部分：轮子会转；轮子边缘有一圈凹槽叫轮槽，绳子就放在槽里不会滑出去；轮子中间的棒子是轴，轮子绕着它转；被吊起来的东西叫重物；我们拉绳子用的力叫 daya。定滑轮本身固定在上面，不会上下移动。
例子：旗杆顶上的滑轮被固定住，只会转，不会跟着旗子升上去。
注意：alur 是轮子上的槽，gandar 是中间的轴，两个很容易混淆。
wheel = roda; groove = alur; axle = gandar; rope = tali; load = beban; force = daya
The parts of a fixed pulley: the wheel turns; the groove around the wheel's rim holds the rope so it cannot slip off; the axle is the rod at the centre that the wheel turns on; the load is the object being lifted; daya is the force of our pull on the rope. A fixed pulley stays in place and does not move up or down.
Example: the pulley at the top of a flagpole is fixed; it only spins and does not rise with the flag.
Watch out: alur is the groove on the wheel and gandar is the axle in the middle; they are easy to mix up.
Padankan
Bahagian takal dan fungsinya
部件配对 = padankan bahagian
轮子：拉绳子时会转动。轮槽：放绳子的地方。轴：轮子中间的棒子。重物：被提起来的东西。
例子：如果绳子从轮子上滑出来，多半是因为没放进轮槽。
注意：重物不是滑轮的零件，而是滑轮要提起的东西，但画图时也要标出来。
matching parts = padankan bahagian
Wheel: turns when the rope is pulled. Groove: where the rope sits. Axle: the rod in the centre of the wheel. Load: the object being lifted.
Example: if the rope slips off the wheel, it was probably not sitting in the groove.
Watch out: the load is not a part of the pulley but the thing it lifts, though we still label it on a diagram.
Cara takal tetap berfungsi
Tarik ke bawah, beban naik
Takal tetap mengubah arah daya
Tarik ke bawah → beban bergerak ke atas
改变力的方向 = mengubah arah daya；往下拉 = tarik ke bawah
动画里，手把绳子往下拉，轮子转动，绳子在轮槽里滑动，另一端的重物就往上升。定滑轮的作用是改变用力的方向：我们往下拉，重物往上走。往下拉比较顺手，还可以用上自己身体的重量。
例子：升旗时，同学往下拉绳子，国旗就慢慢升上旗杆。
注意：定滑轮不会让重物变轻，它帮的是改变方向。
change the direction of force = mengubah arah daya; pull down = tarik ke bawah
In the animation the hand pulls the rope down, the wheel turns, the rope slides along the groove and the load on the other end rises. A fixed pulley changes the direction of the force: we pull down and the load goes up. Pulling down is more comfortable, and we can use our own body weight to help.
Example: at flag-raising, a pupil pulls the rope down and the flag slowly climbs the pole.
Watch out: a fixed pulley does not make the load lighter; what it changes is the direction.
Cuba
Apabila tali takal tetap ditarik ke bawah, beban bergerak …
重物往哪里走 = beban bergerak ke mana
绳子绕过轮子，一边往下拉，另一边就往上走，所以重物向上移动。重物不会跟着往下，也不会往旁边移。
例子：井上的滑轮，往下拉绳子，水桶就从井里升上来。
注意：手的方向和重物的方向相反，这就是定滑轮的特点。
where the load moves = beban bergerak ke mana
The rope runs over the wheel, so when one side is pulled down the other side goes up, and the load rises. It does not sink with the hand or move sideways.
Example: with a pulley over a well, pulling the rope down brings the bucket up out of the well.
Watch out: the hand and the load move in opposite directions, which is the mark of a fixed pulley.
Angkat beban
Pilih cara dan beban. Tekan Tarik tali sehingga beban sampai di atas.
有滑轮 = dengan takal；没有滑轮 = tanpa takal；水桶 = baldi
选择用定滑轮或不用滑轮，再选重物（水桶或一箱书），按几次 Tarik tali 把它拉到顶。看看手往哪里拉、重物往哪里走。用定滑轮时手往下、重物往上；不用滑轮时手要往上提。试三种组合。
例子：选“有滑轮＋水桶”，手一路往下拉，水桶一路往上升。
注意：红色箭头是我们用的力，绿色箭头是重物移动的方向。
with a pulley = dengan takal; without a pulley = tanpa takal; bucket = baldi
Choose to use the fixed pulley or no pulley, choose a load (a bucket or a box of books), and press Tarik tali a few times until it reaches the top. Watch which way the hand pulls and which way the load moves. With the pulley the hand goes down and the load goes up; without it the hand has to lift upwards. Try three combinations.
Example: choosing the pulley with the bucket, the hand keeps pulling down while the bucket keeps rising.
Watch out: the red arrow is the force we apply and the green arrow is the direction the load moves.
Semak makmal
Dalam makmal tadi, takal tetap membantu kita kerana ia …
定滑轮的好处 = kebaikan takal tetap
实验台里，用定滑轮时手往下拉，重物往上升，方向改变了，这就是定滑轮帮我们的地方。重物不会消失，绳子也不会变短。
例子：工人站在地上往下拉绳子，就能把工具吊到二楼，不必爬上去提。
注意：说定滑轮的作用时，要用“改变力的方向”这个说法。
benefit of a fixed pulley = kebaikan takal tetap
In the lab, with the fixed pulley the hand pulled down while the load went up; the direction changed, and that is how the pulley helps. The load does not vanish and the rope does not get shorter.
Example: a worker standing on the ground can pull a rope down to raise tools to the first floor without climbing up.
Watch out: when describing a fixed pulley, use the phrase changes the direction of the force.
Model kren
Bahagian model kren
Kren menggunakan takal tetap
Tapak
bahagian bawah; memastikan kren stabil
Tiang
menyokong lengan kren
Lengan
tempat takal tetap dipasang
Motor
menggulung tali
Takal tetap
tali bergerak di alur roda
底座 = tapak；塔身 = tiang；吊臂 = lengan；马达 = motor
起重机模型有底座、塔身、吊臂、马达和定滑轮。底座让起重机站稳；塔身撑住吊臂；定滑轮装在吊臂的末端；马达把绳子卷起来，绳子在轮槽里移动，重物就被吊上去。
例子：用纸箱做底座、用冰棒棍做吊臂，就能做一个小起重机。
注意：真正拉绳子的是马达，滑轮负责让绳子改变方向。
base = tapak; tower = tiang; arm = lengan; motor = motor
A crane model has a base, a tower, an arm, a motor and a fixed pulley. The base keeps the crane steady; the tower holds up the arm; the fixed pulley sits at the end of the arm; the motor winds up the rope, the rope moves through the groove, and the load is lifted.
Example: a cardboard box for the base and ice-cream sticks for the arm make a small crane.
Watch out: the motor does the actual pulling, while the pulley changes the rope's direction.
Susun
Susun langkah kren mengangkat beban
顺序 = urutan；之前、期间、之后 = sebelum, semasa, selepas
起重机吊东西的顺序：一开始重物在地上；马达开始卷绳子；绳子在轮槽里移动；最后重物被吊上去。先有马达的动作，绳子才会动，重物才会升。
例子：工人按下按钮，马达一转，钢条就慢慢离开地面。
注意：重物升起是结果，所以排在最后。
order = urutan; before, during, after = sebelum, semasa, selepas
The crane lifts in this order: first the load rests on the ground; then the motor winds the rope; the rope moves through the groove; finally the load is raised. The motor moves first, which makes the rope move, which makes the load rise.
Example: a worker presses a button, the motor turns and a steel bar slowly leaves the ground.
Watch out: the load rising is the result, so it comes last.
Cuba
Bahagian kren yang menggulung tali ialah …
卷绳子的部件 = bahagian menggulung tali
马达会转动，把绳子卷起来。底座让起重机稳稳站着，塔身撑住吊臂，它们都不会卷绳子。
例子：玩具起重机装了电池，马达一转，小钩子就升起来。
注意：不要把马达和滑轮搞混：马达卷绳子，滑轮让绳子转方向。
the part that winds the rope = bahagian menggulung tali
The motor turns and winds up the rope. The base keeps the crane steady and the tower holds up the arm, so neither of them winds the rope.
Example: in a battery toy crane, the motor spins and the little hook rises.
Watch out: do not confuse the motor with the pulley: the motor winds the rope and the pulley turns its direction.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
tarik ke bawah · beban ke atas
Takal ialah mesin ringkas. Bahagian takal tetap: roda, alur, gandar dan tali. Takal tetap mengubah arah daya.
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