Unit 3
Orbit dan Masa Peredaran Planet
Iqbal bermain kereta mainan di atas trek yang berbentuk bujur. Kereta kecil di lorong dalam cepat sampai semula ke garisan mula. Kereta di lorong luar mengambil masa lebih lama.
Planet juga bergerak di laluan masing-masing. Mari kenal orbit dan masa peredaran planet!
轨道 = orbit；公转时间 = masa peredaran；跑道 = trek
Iqbal 在椭圆形的跑道上玩小汽车：内圈的车很快就回到起点，外圈的车要比较久。行星也各自在自己的路线上绕太阳转。这一课认识轨道的形状、行星绕太阳一圈要多久，还要复习整个太阳系单元。
例子：学校运动会跑操场，跑外圈的人要跑比较长的路。
注意：每颗行星都有自己的轨道，它们不会走同一条路。
orbit = orbit; period of revolution = masa peredaran; track = trek
Iqbal plays with toy cars on an oval track: the car in the inner lane soon reaches the start line again, while the outer car takes longer. Planets also travel around the Sun on their own paths. This lesson covers the shape of an orbit, how long a planet takes to go round once, and a review of the whole Solar System unit.
Example: on sports day, a runner in the outer lane covers a longer path around the field.
Watch out: every planet has its own orbit; they do not share one path.
Orbit
Apakah orbit?
Laluan bayangan berbentuk elips
Orbit = laluan bayangan planet mengelilingi Matahari · bentuk elips
轨道 = orbit；想象的路线 = laluan bayangan；椭圆 = elips
轨道是行星绕太阳运行时所走的路线。太空里并没有真的画出一条线，所以说它是“想象出来的路线”。轨道的形状是椭圆，像一个被稍微拉长的圆。动画里，行星沿着椭圆走一圈，又回到起点。
例子：鸡蛋从侧面看的形状，也接近椭圆。
注意：轨道不是正圆形，要说“椭圆形”（elips）。
orbit = orbit; imaginary path = laluan bayangan; ellipse = elips
An orbit is the path a planet follows as it travels around the Sun. No real line is drawn in space, so we call it an imaginary path. Its shape is an ellipse, like a circle stretched a little. In the animation the planet follows the ellipse once and returns to where it started.
Example: an egg seen from the side also looks close to an ellipse.
Watch out: an orbit is not a perfect circle; the correct word is ellipse (elips).
Cuba
Orbit planet berbentuk …
轨道的形状 = bentuk orbit
行星的轨道是椭圆形。行星一直绕着太阳转，所以轨道不可能是直线；轨道也没有尖角，所以不是四边形。
例子：田径场的跑道也是长长圆圆的形状。
注意：elips 是椭圆，bulatan 是正圆，两个词不一样。
the shape of an orbit = bentuk orbit
A planet's orbit is an ellipse. Planets keep going round the Sun, so an orbit cannot be a straight line, and it has no corners, so it is not a four-sided shape either.
Example: a running track at a stadium is also long and rounded.
Watch out: elips means ellipse and bulatan means circle; they are different words.
Model oreri
Oreri Sistem Suria
Model yang menunjukkan kedudukan planet
1Potong jalur kertas yang berlainan panjang.
2Tampal gambar planet di hujung jalur: Utarid pada jalur paling pendek.
3Sambung semua jalur pada cawan kertas dengan pengikat kertas.
4Pusingkan jalur untuk melihat planet beredar.
太阳系仪 = oreri；纸条 = jalur kertas；纸杯 = cawan kertas；两脚钉 = pengikat kertas
太阳系仪是一种模型，可以看出行星的位置和怎样绕太阳转。用纸杯当太阳，用长短不同的纸条当轨道的半径：水星的纸条最短，海王星的最长。用两脚钉把纸条钉在纸杯上，转动纸条，行星就绕着太阳转。
例子：地球的纸条排第三短，比火星的短，比金星的长。
注意：纸条越长，代表行星离太阳越远。
orrery = oreri; paper strip = jalur kertas; paper cup = cawan kertas; paper fastener = pengikat kertas
An orrery is a model that shows where the planets are and how they move around the Sun. A paper cup stands for the Sun, and paper strips of different lengths stand for the distances: Mercury gets the shortest strip and Neptune the longest. Paper fasteners join the strips to the cup, and turning a strip moves its planet around the Sun.
Example: Earth's strip is the third shortest, shorter than Mars's and longer than Venus's.
Watch out: a longer strip means the planet is farther from the Sun.
Cuba
Dalam model oreri, jalur kertas yang paling panjang untuk planet …
最长的纸条 = jalur paling panjang
纸条越长，行星离太阳越远。离太阳最远的是海王星，所以它的纸条最长。水星最近，用最短的纸条；地球排第三。
例子：如果做冥王星，它的纸条还要比海王星更长。
注意：纸条长短是看距离，不是看行星的大小。
the longest strip = jalur paling panjang
The longer the strip, the farther the planet is from the Sun. Neptune is the farthest planet, so it gets the longest strip. Mercury is nearest and gets the shortest, while Earth is third.
Example: a strip for Pluto would have to be even longer than Neptune's.
Watch out: strip length follows distance, not the size of the planet.
Masa peredaran
Berapa lama satu peredaran?
Bumi dan Marikh bermula bersama
| planet | Utarid | Zuhrah | Bumi | Marikh |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masa peredaran | 88 hari | 225 hari | 365 hari | 687 hari |
1 Tahun Bumi = 365 hari
公转时间 = masa peredaran；地球年 = Tahun Bumi；一整圈 = satu pusingan lengkap
公转时间就是行星绕太阳走完一整圈所用的时间。地球用 365 天，这就是一个地球年。火星离太阳比较远，轨道比较长，要 687 天。动画里两颗同时出发，地球先回到起点。表格也显示：水星 88 天最快。
例子：一年有 365 天，就是因为地球绕太阳一圈要 365 天。
注意：越近的行星绕一圈越快，所以水星的一年比地球的一年短得多。
period of revolution = masa peredaran; Earth year = Tahun Bumi; one full round = satu pusingan lengkap
The period of revolution is the time a planet takes to travel one complete round of the Sun. Earth takes 365 days, which is one Earth year. Mars is farther away with a longer orbit, so it needs 687 days. In the animation both start together and Earth gets back first. The table shows Mercury is quickest, at 88 days.
Example: a year has 365 days because that is how long Earth takes to circle the Sun once.
Watch out: nearer planets go round faster, so a year on Mercury is much shorter than a year on Earth.
Perlumbaan orbit
Pilih dua planet. Tekan Mula. Planet manakah kembali ke garisan mula dahulu?
比赛 = perlumbaan；起跑线 = garisan mula；选 = pilih
选两颗行星，按 Mula，它们会从同一条起跑线出发绕太阳转。上方的计数器显示过了多少个地球日，下面会写出每颗行星绕完一圈用了多少天。试两组不同的行星。
例子：选水星和金星，水星 88 天就回到起点，金星要 225 天。
注意：比的是走完一整圈的时间，不是谁跑得比较好看。
race = perlumbaan; start line = garisan mula; choose = pilih
Pick two planets and press Mula, and they set off from the same start line around the Sun. The counter at the top shows how many Earth days have passed, and the labels below show how many days each planet needs for one round. Try two different pairs.
Example: with Mercury and Venus, Mercury is back at the start after 88 days, while Venus needs 225 days.
Watch out: we compare the time for one complete round, not which planet looks faster at a glance.
Semak makmal
Antara Utarid dan Zuhrah, planet manakah melengkapkan satu peredaran dahulu?
谁先绕完 = siapa lengkap dahulu
水星比金星更靠近太阳，轨道比较短，所以水星 88 天就绕完一圈，金星要 225 天。两颗用的时间不一样，不是一样快。
例子：地球和火星比，也是靠近太阳的地球先绕完。
注意：靠近太阳的行星永远比外面的行星先绕完一圈。
who finishes first = siapa lengkap dahulu
Mercury is nearer the Sun than Venus and has a shorter orbit, so it completes a round in 88 days while Venus needs 225 days. Their times are different, so they are not equally fast.
Example: comparing Earth and Mars, Earth, being nearer the Sun, also finishes first.
Watch out: the planet nearer the Sun always completes its round before the one farther out.
Bina ayat
Susun ayat hubung kait
关系句 = ayat hubung kait
这个规律写成句子：行星离太阳越远，公转时间越长。马来文的句型是 Semakin …, semakin …。前半句讲距离，后半句讲时间。
例子：Semakin jauh planet dari Matahari, semakin rendah suhunya，这是上一课的关系句。
注意：两个 semakin 都要用，少了一个句子就不完整。
relationship sentence = ayat hubung kait
The pattern written as a sentence is: the farther a planet is from the Sun, the longer its period of revolution. In Malay the pattern is Semakin …, semakin …. The first half is about distance and the second half is about time.
Example: Semakin jauh planet dari Matahari, semakin rendah suhunya is the relationship sentence from the previous lesson.
Watch out: both semakin are needed; leaving one out makes the sentence incomplete.
Mari uji
Lari mengelilingi tiang
Tali yang lebih panjang = bulatan yang lebih besar
| panjang tali | 1 m | 2 m | 3 m |
|---|---|---|---|
| masa satu bulatan | 6 saat | 11 saat | 17 saat |
Yang diubah
panjang tali
Yang diukur
masa satu bulatan lengkap
Yang sama
murid yang sama, berlari dengan laju yang sama
圆心 = pusat bulatan；一整圈 = bulatan lengkap；计时员 = pencatat masa
在操场上，木桩当圆心（像太阳），学生拉着绳子的另一端绕木桩跑一整圈（像行星）。绳子分别用 1 米、2 米、3 米，同学计时。改变的是绳长，测量的是跑一圈的时间，保持不变的是同一个人、同样的速度。结果：绳子越长，时间越久。
例子：绳长 3 米时，绕一圈要 17 秒，比 1 米时的 6 秒久很多。
注意：要公平比较，每次都要同一个人用同样速度跑。
centre of the circle = pusat bulatan; complete circle = bulatan lengkap; timekeeper = pencatat masa
On the field, a pole is the centre (like the Sun) and a pupil holds the end of a rope and runs one full circle round it (like a planet). The rope is 1 m, 2 m and then 3 m long, and a friend times each run. We change the rope length, measure the time for one circle, and keep the runner and the speed the same. Result: the longer the rope, the longer the time.
Example: with a 3 m rope one circle takes 17 seconds, far longer than 6 seconds with 1 m.
Watch out: for a fair test the same pupil must run at the same speed every time.
Fikir
Dalam ujian tadi, murid yang memegang tali paling panjang mengambil masa …
推论 = inferens
绳子最长，跑的圆最大，路最长，所以用的时间最久。这跟行星一样：离太阳越远，轨道越长，公转时间越长。
例子：表格里 3 米的绳子用了 17 秒，是三次里最久的。
注意：结论要跟数据一致，先看表格再回答。
inference = inferens
The longest rope makes the biggest circle and the longest path, so it takes the most time. Planets work the same way: the farther from the Sun, the longer the orbit and the longer the period.
Example: in the table the 3 m rope took 17 seconds, the longest of the three runs.
Watch out: a conclusion must match the data, so read the table before you answer.
Ingat semula
Rumusan Sistem Suria
Semua yang kita pelajari
Ahli
Matahari, planet, satelit semula jadi, asteroid, meteoroid, komet
Suhu
jauh → sejuk; Zuhrah paling panas
Orbit
laluan bayangan berbentuk elips
Masa peredaran
jauh → lebih lama; Bumi 365 hari
Santai Sains: tulis fakta planet pada jalur kertas dan bentukkan tanglung planet.
复习 = ingat semula；灯笼 = tanglung
整个太阳系单元的重点：太阳在中心，有八颗行星；行星越远温度越低，但金星最热；轨道是椭圆形；行星越远，公转时间越长，地球是 365 天。还可以把行星的知识写在彩色纸条上，做成圆圆的行星灯笼。
例子：一个木星灯笼可以写：第五颗、最大、绕太阳一圈大约 12 年。
注意：温度和公转时间两个规律都是“越远……”，但一个是越冷，一个是越久。
review = ingat semula; lantern = tanglung
Key points of the Solar System unit: the Sun is at the centre with eight planets around it; farther planets are colder, except that Venus is the hottest; orbits are ellipses; farther planets take longer to go round, and Earth takes 365 days. You can also write planet facts on coloured strips and shape them into a round planet lantern.
Example: a Jupiter lantern could say: fifth planet, the largest, about 12 years to circle the Sun.
Watch out: both patterns begin with farther, but one ends in colder and the other in longer.
Mari jawab
Planet manakah mengambil masa paling lama untuk beredar mengelilingi Matahari?
公转最久的行星 = masa peredaran paling lama
海王星离太阳最远，轨道最长，所以绕太阳一圈的时间最久，大约要 165 个地球年。木星排第五，水星最快。
例子：一个人活一辈子，海王星都还没绕完一圈。
注意：最大的木星不是最久的，要看距离。
the longest period = masa peredaran paling lama
Neptune is the farthest planet and has the longest orbit, so it takes the most time to go round the Sun, about 165 Earth years. Jupiter is fifth, and Mercury is the quickest.
Example: a person could live a whole lifetime before Neptune finishes even one round.
Watch out: the giant Jupiter is not the slowest; distance is what counts.
Padankan
Rumusan Sistem Suria
单元复习配对 = padankan rumusan
木星是最大的行星；金星是最热的行星；轨道是椭圆形的路线；一个地球年是 365 天。
例子：如果问“火星年”，答案就是 687 天，因为火星绕太阳一圈要 687 天。
注意：最大和最热是两颗不同的行星，不要混在一起。
unit review matching = padankan rumusan
Jupiter is the largest planet; Venus is the hottest planet; an orbit is an elliptical path; one Earth year is 365 days.
Example: a Mars year would be 687 days, because Mars needs 687 days to circle the Sun.
Watch out: the largest planet and the hottest planet are two different planets, so keep them apart.
Mari jawab
Satu Tahun Bumi bersamaan …
地球年 = Tahun Bumi
地球绕太阳一圈要 365 天，所以一个地球年等于 365 天。687 天是火星绕一圈的时间，88 天是水星的。
例子：你的生日一年一次，就是因为地球每 365 天绕太阳一圈。
注意：用“地球年”可以比较其他行星的公转时间。
Earth year = Tahun Bumi
Earth takes 365 days to go round the Sun once, so one Earth year equals 365 days. 687 days is the time for Mars, and 88 days is the time for Mercury.
Example: your birthday comes once a year because Earth circles the Sun every 365 days.
Watch out: the Earth year is a handy unit for comparing the periods of other planets.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
elips · jauh → lebih lama
Orbit ialah laluan bayangan berbentuk elips. Semakin jauh planet dari Matahari, semakin lama masa peredarannya. Satu Tahun Bumi = 365 hari.
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