Unit 1
Asid, Alkali dan Neutral
Aina menggigit sepotong limau nipis. Mukanya berkerut kerana rasanya masam. Abangnya pula minum kopi tanpa gula dan berkata, “Pahitnya!”
Mengapa rasa bahan berbeza? Mari kenal asid, alkali dan neutral.
酸性 = asid；碱性 = alkali；中性 = neutral
这一课认识物质的三种性质：酸性、碱性和中性。Aina 咬了一口青柠，酸得皱起眉头；哥哥喝没有加糖的咖啡，觉得很苦。不同的东西味道不一样，背后跟它们的性质有关。
例子：醋和橙汁尝起来酸酸的，它们是酸性物质。
注意：在实验室里绝对不可以用舌头去尝东西，科学家用专门的试纸来检验。
acid = asid; alkali = alkali; neutral = neutral
This lesson introduces three kinds of substances: acidic, alkaline and neutral. Aina bites a lime and frowns because it is so sour, while her brother finds his black coffee bitter. Different things taste different, and this is linked to their nature.
Example: vinegar and orange juice taste sour, and they are acidic.
Watch out: never taste anything in a science lab; scientists use special test paper instead.
Asid, alkali dan neutral
Tiga sifat bahan
Setiap cecair bersifat asid, alkali atau neutral
Asid
cuka, jus oren
Alkali
air sabun, air kapur sirih
Neutral
air gula, air suling
Warna cecair tidak memberitahu sifatnya. Kita perlu menguji.
性质 = sifat；醋 = cuka；石灰水（槟榔石灰）= air kapur sirih；蒸馏水 = air suling
周围的液体可以分成三类。醋和橙汁是酸性；肥皂水和石灰水是碱性；糖水和蒸馏水是中性。中性的意思是既不是酸性，也不是碱性。
例子：妈妈做腌黄瓜用的醋，就是一种酸性液体。
注意：光看颜色猜不出性质，透明的液体也可能是酸性或碱性，一定要检验。
property = sifat; vinegar = cuka; lime water = air kapur sirih; distilled water = air suling
Liquids around us fall into three groups. Vinegar and orange juice are acidic; soapy water and lime water are alkaline; sugar water and distilled water are neutral. Neutral means the substance is neither acidic nor alkaline.
Example: the vinegar Mum uses for pickled cucumber is an acidic liquid.
Watch out: colour does not reveal the property, because a clear liquid can still be acidic or alkaline, so it must be tested.
Cuba
Cuka dan jus oren bersifat …
酸性的例子 = contoh bahan berasid
醋和橙汁都带酸味，它们属于酸性物质。碱性的例子是肥皂水和石灰水，中性的例子是糖水和蒸馏水。
例子：番茄酱和葡萄也带一点酸味，同样是酸性。
注意：不要把“酸性”和“中性”搞混，中性的东西没有酸味。
examples of acids = contoh bahan berasid
Vinegar and orange juice both taste sour, so they belong to the acidic group. Soapy water and lime water are alkaline examples, while sugar water and distilled water are neutral examples.
Example: tomato sauce and grapes taste a little sour and are also acidic.
Watch out: do not mix up acidic and neutral; neutral substances do not taste sour.
Kertas litmus
Penunjuk asid dan alkali
Kertas litmus ada dua warna: merah dan biru
Penunjuk = bahan yang berubah warna untuk menunjukkan sifat bahan
Gunakan penitis. Jangan rasa bahan di makmal!
石蕊试纸 = kertas litmus；指示剂 = penunjuk；滴管 = penitis
石蕊试纸是一种指示剂，会用变色来告诉我们液体的性质。石蕊试纸有两种：红色和蓝色，检验时两种都要用。用滴管把液体滴在试纸上，再观察颜色。
例子：Amir 用滴管吸一点肥皂水，各滴一滴在红纸和蓝纸上。
注意：指示剂代替了我们的舌头，所以实验时不需要、也不可以去尝。
litmus paper = kertas litmus; indicator = penunjuk; dropper = penitis
Litmus paper is an indicator: it changes colour to tell us the nature of a liquid. There are two kinds, red and blue, and both are used in a test. A dropper puts a drop of liquid on each paper, and then we watch the colour.
Example: Amir sucks up some soapy water with a dropper and puts one drop on the red paper and one on the blue paper.
Watch out: the indicator does the job of our tongue, so in an experiment we never need to taste anything.
Perubahan warna
Apa yang berlaku pada kertas litmus?
Lihat tiga cecair ini
| sifat | kertas litmus merah | kertas litmus biru |
|---|---|---|
| asid | kekal merah | menjadi merah |
| alkali | menjadi biru | kekal biru |
| neutral | kekal merah | kekal biru |
变色 = perubahan warna；保持不变 = kekal；变成 = bertukar menjadi
动画里，醋让蓝色试纸变红，红色试纸不变，所以醋是酸性。肥皂水让红色试纸变蓝，蓝色试纸不变，所以是碱性。糖水两张都不变色，所以是中性。
例子：如果某种果汁让蓝纸变红，我们就知道它是酸性。
注意：酸性物质只会改变蓝纸，碱性物质只会改变红纸，记得两张纸都要看。
colour change = perubahan warna; stays the same = kekal; turns into = bertukar menjadi
In the animation, vinegar turns blue litmus red while the red paper stays red, so vinegar is acidic. Soapy water turns red litmus blue while the blue paper stays blue, so it is alkaline. Sugar water changes neither paper, so it is neutral.
Example: if a fruit juice turns blue litmus red, we know the juice is acidic.
Watch out: an acid changes only the blue paper and an alkali changes only the red paper, so always look at both strips.
Cuba
Kertas litmus biru bertukar menjadi merah. Bahan itu bersifat …
蓝变红 = biru menjadi merah
能让蓝色石蕊试纸变红的是酸性物质，就像动画里的醋。碱性物质是让红纸变蓝；中性物质两张都不会变色。
例子：柠檬汁滴在蓝色试纸上，试纸会变红。
注意：记法是“酸让蓝变红”，红纸碰到酸则维持红色。
blue turns red = biru menjadi merah
A substance that turns blue litmus red is acidic, just like the vinegar in the animation. An alkali turns red paper blue instead, and a neutral substance changes neither paper.
Example: a drop of lemon juice on blue litmus paper turns the paper red.
Watch out: remember that acid turns blue to red; red paper simply stays red in an acid.
Cuba
Setitis air kapur sirih diletakkan pada kertas litmus merah. Kertas itu menjadi …
碱让红变蓝 = alkali: merah menjadi biru
石灰水是碱性的。碱性物质会让红色石蕊试纸变成蓝色。石蕊试纸只有红和蓝两种变化，不会变成绿色或黄色。
例子：肥皂水滴在红色试纸上，试纸也会变蓝。
注意：绿色、黄色是其他天然指示剂才会出现的颜色，下一课会学。
alkali turns red to blue = alkali: merah menjadi biru
Lime water is alkaline. An alkali turns red litmus paper blue. Litmus paper only switches between red and blue; it does not become green or yellow.
Example: a drop of soapy water on red litmus paper also turns it blue.
Watch out: green and yellow are colours that show up with other natural indicators, which come in the next lesson.
Uji dengan kertas litmus
Pilih satu cecair. Tekan Celup kertas litmus. Lihat warna kedua-dua kertas.
浸入 = celup；液体 = cecair；肥皂水 = air sabun
选一种液体，按 Celup kertas litmus，红、蓝两张试纸会同时放进液体。看哪一张变了颜色：蓝变红是酸性，红变蓝是碱性，都不变是中性。至少试四种液体。
例子：选 air suling（蒸馏水），两张纸都不变，所以它是中性。
注意：每换一种液体都要用新的试纸，旧试纸已经沾过别的液体。
dip = celup; liquid = cecair; soapy water = air sabun
Choose a liquid and press Celup kertas litmus, and both the red and the blue strip go into it together. See which strip changes: blue to red means acid, red to blue means alkali, and no change means neutral. Test at least four liquids.
Example: choose air suling, distilled water; neither strip changes, so it is neutral.
Watch out: each new liquid needs fresh strips, because used strips already carry another liquid.
Semak makmal
Dalam makmal tadi, air sabun mengubah kertas litmus merah menjadi biru. Air sabun bersifat …
肥皂水是碱性 = air sabun bersifat alkali
实验台里，肥皂水让红色试纸变成蓝色，蓝色试纸不变。红变蓝就是碱性的记号，所以肥皂水是碱性。
例子：洗衣粉溶在水里，也会让红色试纸变蓝。
注意：如果是酸性，变色的会是蓝纸，不是红纸。
soapy water is alkaline = air sabun bersifat alkali
In the lab, soapy water turned the red strip blue while the blue strip stayed blue. Red turning blue is the sign of an alkali, so soapy water is alkaline.
Example: washing powder dissolved in water also turns red litmus blue.
Watch out: if the liquid were acidic, the blue strip would be the one that changed, not the red one.
Cuba
Kertas litmus merah dan biru tidak berubah warna dalam air gula. Air gula bersifat …
两张都不变 = kedua-dua tidak berubah
糖水滴在红纸上还是红色，滴在蓝纸上还是蓝色，没有任何变化，这表示它既不是酸性也不是碱性，是中性。
例子：盐水和蒸馏水也一样不会让试纸变色，它们是中性。
注意：糖水很甜，但甜味跟酸碱无关，要看试纸的结果。
no change on either strip = kedua-dua tidak berubah
Sugar water leaves the red strip red and the blue strip blue. Nothing changes, which means it is neither acidic nor alkaline, so it is neutral.
Example: salt water and distilled water also leave both strips unchanged; they are neutral too.
Watch out: sugar water is sweet, but sweetness has nothing to do with acid or alkali, so trust the strips.
Menguji cecair
Langkah menguji dan merekod
Rekod keputusan dalam jadual
1Letak kertas litmus merah dan biru di atas piring.
2Titiskan cecair dengan penitis.
3Perhatikan perubahan warna.
4Rekod keputusan dalam jadual.
| cecair | litmus merah | litmus biru | sifat |
|---|---|---|---|
| jus oren | merah | merah | asid |
| air soda bikarbonat | biru | biru | alkali |
| air minuman | merah | biru | neutral |
记录 = rekod；表格 = jadual；苏打水（小苏打溶液）= air soda bikarbonat；饮用水 = air minuman
检验液体有四步：把红、蓝试纸放在碟子上，用滴管滴上液体，观察颜色变化，最后把结果记在表格里，并写出它的性质。表格里加粗的格子就是有变色的地方。
例子：小苏打溶液让红纸变蓝，表格里就记“biru”，性质写 alkali。
注意：每种液体用不同的滴管，免得液体混在一起，结果就不准了。
record = rekod; table = jadual; baking soda solution = air soda bikarbonat; drinking water = air minuman
Testing a liquid takes four steps: put red and blue litmus on a dish, add the liquid with a dropper, watch for a colour change, then record the result in a table along with the property. The bold cells in the table are where a change happened.
Example: baking soda solution turns red litmus blue, so we write biru and record the property as alkali.
Watch out: use a separate dropper for each liquid so the liquids do not mix and spoil the result.
Susun langkah
Susun langkah menguji cecair
步骤顺序 = urutan langkah
先把试纸准备好，才可以滴液体；滴了以后要等一下、观察颜色；看清楚了，最后才记录。顺序是：放试纸 → 滴液体 → 观察 → 记录。
例子：Mei 先记录再观察，结果表格里写错了颜色，只好重做。
注意：记录永远是最后一步，因为要先看到结果。
order of steps = urutan langkah
The strips must be ready before any liquid is dropped. After dropping, wait and watch the colour. Only when the result is clear do we write it down. So the order is: place the strips, add the liquid, observe, record.
Example: Mei recorded before she looked, wrote the wrong colour in her table and had to do it again.
Watch out: recording is always the final step, because the result must be seen first.
Padankan
Istilah dan maksudnya
名词配对 = padankan istilah
酸性：蓝色试纸变红。碱性：红色试纸变蓝。中性：两张都不变色。指示剂：会变色、用来显示物质性质的东西，例如石蕊试纸。
例子：如果同学问你“指示剂是什么”，你可以拿石蕊试纸给他看。
注意：penunjuk 是工具，asid、alkali、neutral 是物质的性质，两者不一样。
matching terms = padankan istilah
Acid: blue litmus turns red. Alkali: red litmus turns blue. Neutral: no colour change at all. Indicator: something that changes colour to show the property of a substance, such as litmus paper.
Example: if a friend asks what an indicator is, you can show him a strip of litmus paper.
Watch out: penunjuk is a tool, while asid, alkali and neutral are properties of substances; they are different things.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
asid · alkali · neutral
Kertas litmus ialah penunjuk. Asid mengubah litmus biru menjadi merah. Alkali mengubah litmus merah menjadi biru. Neutral tidak mengubah warna.
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