Unit 2
Air Menjadi Lebih Tumpat
Cikgu Rosli memasukkan sebiji buah anggur ke dalam segelas air. Anggur itu tenggelam.
Kemudian, cikgu melarutkan banyak garam ke dalam air. Lihat, anggur itu timbul! Bagaimanakah ini berlaku?
盐 = garam；溶解 = larut；葡萄 = anggur
Rosli 老师把一颗葡萄放进一杯清水，葡萄沉到杯底。接着老师在水里溶解了很多盐，葡萄竟然浮起来了！这一课学怎样让水变得更密，比较几种液体的密度，再看看密度在生活中的用途，最后复习整个第七章。
例子：在死海那样很咸的海水里，人可以轻松浮着看报纸。
注意：葡萄本身没有变，变的是水。
salt = garam; dissolve = larut; grape = anggur
Cikgu Rosli puts a grape into a glass of plain water and it sinks to the bottom. Then he dissolves a lot of salt in the water, and the grape floats up! In this unit we learn how to make water denser, compare the densities of some liquids, look at how density is used in daily life, and review all of Chapter 7.
Example: in very salty sea water such as the Dead Sea, people can float easily while reading a newspaper.
Watch out: the grape itself did not change; the water did.
Air lebih tumpat
Larutkan garam atau gula
Air menjadi lebih tumpat
Air paip
telur lebih tumpat daripada air → tenggelam
Air + banyak garam
air lebih tumpat daripada telur → telur timbul
Garam atau gula dilarutkan → air lebih tumpat
更密 = lebih tumpat；溶解 = larutkan；糖 = gula
在水里溶解盐，水会变得更密；溶解糖也一样。鸡蛋在清水里会沉，因为鸡蛋比清水密；加了很多盐以后，盐水变得比鸡蛋还密，原本沉下去的鸡蛋就浮起来了。
例子：腌咸蛋的浓盐水里，新鲜鸭蛋会浮起来。
注意：盐要搅拌到完全溶解，水才会变密。
denser = lebih tumpat; dissolve = larutkan; sugar = gula
Dissolving salt in water makes the water denser, and dissolving sugar does the same. An egg sinks in plain water because the egg is denser than the water. After a lot of salt is added, the salt water becomes denser than the egg, so the egg that sank now floats.
Example: fresh duck eggs float in the strong brine used to make salted eggs.
Watch out: the salt must be stirred until it dissolves completely for the water to become denser.
Telur timbul dengan garam
Pilih garam atau gula. Tekan +1 sudu dan perhatikan telur.
加一匙 = +1 sudu；重新开始 = mula semula；鸡蛋 = telur
实验台里鸡蛋一开始沉在清水底。先选盐（garam），一匙一匙加进去，看鸡蛋什么时候离开杯底、升到水中间、最后浮到水面。再按 Mula semula 换成糖（gula）试一次，比较要加几匙。
例子：在这个实验台里，加盐比加糖更快让鸡蛋浮起来。
注意：实验台的匙数只是模拟，真正做实验时要看盐的多少和鸡蛋的大小。
add one spoon = +1 sudu; start again = mula semula; egg = telur
In the lab the egg starts at the bottom of plain water. First choose salt (garam) and add it spoon by spoon; watch when the egg leaves the bottom, rises to the middle and finally floats at the surface. Then press Mula semula, switch to sugar (gula) and try again, comparing how many spoons are needed.
Example: in this lab, salt makes the egg float sooner than sugar does.
Watch out: the spoon counts in the lab are a simulation; in a real experiment they depend on the amount of salt and the size of the egg.
Semak makmal
Mengapakah telur akhirnya timbul selepas garam ditambah?
鸡蛋浮起来的原因 = sebab telur timbul
加盐以后，鸡蛋本身没有变，变的是水：盐溶在水里，水变得越来越密，终于比鸡蛋还密，鸡蛋就浮上来了。鸡蛋没有变大变重；盐也不是“推”鸡蛋。
例子：同样的鸡蛋放回清水里，又会沉下去。
注意：说原因时要比较“水”和“鸡蛋”谁比较密。
why the egg floats = sebab telur timbul
After salt is added the egg itself does not change; the water does. The salt dissolves, the water grows denser and denser and finally becomes denser than the egg, so the egg floats up. The egg does not get bigger or heavier, and the salt is not pushing it.
Example: put the same egg back into plain water and it sinks again.
Watch out: when giving the reason, compare which is denser, the water or the egg.
Bandingkan cecair
Tiga cecair dalam satu botol
Cecair kurang tumpat berada di atas
甘油 = gliserin；食用油 = minyak masak；分层 = lapisan
液体也有不同的密度。把甘油、有颜色的水和食用油倒进同一个瓶子，它们不会混在一起，而是分成三层：最密的甘油沉在最下面，水在中间，最稀的食用油浮在最上面。越稀的液体越在上面。
例子：煮汤时，汤面上浮着一层油，因为油比水稀。
注意：分层的次序看的是密度，不是先倒哪一样。
glycerine = gliserin; cooking oil = minyak masak; layers = lapisan
Liquids have different densities too. Pour glycerine, coloured water and cooking oil into one bottle and they do not mix; they form three layers. The densest, glycerine, sinks to the bottom, water sits in the middle, and the least dense, cooking oil, floats on top. The less dense a liquid is, the higher it sits.
Example: when soup is cooked, a layer of oil floats on top because oil is less dense than water.
Watch out: the order of the layers depends on density, not on which liquid was poured first.
Cuba
Ah Meng menuang minyak masak dahulu, kemudian air. Selepas beberapa minit, di manakah minyak masak?
油会跑到哪里 = di mana minyak masak
虽然先倒的是油，但油比水稀，过一会儿油就会升上去，浮在水的上面。它不会留在下面，也不会跟水完全混在一起。
例子：碗里的水和油怎么摇，静一下又会分成上油下水。
注意：分层看密度，跟倒的先后没有关系。
where the oil ends up = di mana minyak masak
Even though the oil went in first, oil is less dense than water, so after a short time it rises and floats on top of the water. It does not stay underneath, and it does not mix completely with the water.
Example: however much you shake a bowl of oil and water, once it settles the oil is on top and the water below.
Watch out: the layers depend on density, not on the order of pouring.
Aplikasi
Ketumpatan dalam kehidupan
Timbul atau tenggelam mengikut keperluan
Kapal laut
banyak ruang udara → timbul
Sauh
lebih tumpat → tenggelam, menahan kapal
Jaket keselamatan
kurang tumpat → pemakai terapung
Sangkar ternakan ikan
diikat pada pelampung → tidak tenggelam
应用 = aplikasi；锚 = sauh；救生衣 = jaket keselamatan；浮筒 = pelampung；鱼排网箱 = sangkar ternakan ikan
密度的道理在生活中到处可见：大轮船里面有很多充满空气的空间，整艘船比水稀，所以能浮；船锚比水密，丢下去会沉到海底，把船固定住；救生衣比水稀，穿着的人能浮在水面；海上的养鱼网箱绑在浮筒上，不会沉下去。
例子：亚庇外海的渔民养鱼，就是用一排排浮筒托着网箱。
注意：想要东西沉就让它比水密，想要它浮就让它比水稀。
application = aplikasi; anchor = sauh; life jacket = jaket keselamatan; float = pelampung; fish cage = sangkar ternakan ikan
Density is used everywhere in daily life. A big ship has many spaces full of air, so the whole ship is less dense than water and floats. An anchor is denser than water, so it sinks to the seabed and holds the ship in place. A life jacket is less dense than water, so the wearer floats. Fish cages at sea are tied to floats so they do not sink.
Example: fish farmers off Kota Kinabalu keep their cages up with rows of floats.
Watch out: to make something sink, make it denser than water; to make it float, make it less dense.
Cuba
Mengapakah kita perlu memakai jaket keselamatan ketika menaiki bot?
救生衣的作用 = guna jaket keselamatan
救生衣里有泡棉或空气，比水稀很多。万一掉进水里，它能让人浮在水面，等待救援。如果救生衣比水密，反而会把人拉下去；救生衣也不会改变海水的咸度。
例子：坐船去沙比岛时，船夫都会叫乘客先穿好救生衣。
注意：上船前就要穿好，不要等掉进水里才找。
what a life jacket does = guna jaket keselamatan
A life jacket contains foam or air and is much less dense than water. If you fall into the water, it keeps you floating at the surface until help comes. A jacket denser than water would pull you down, and a life jacket does not change how salty the sea is.
Example: on the boat to Pulau Sapi, the boatman asks every passenger to put on a life jacket first.
Watch out: put it on before the trip, not after falling in.
Kapal selam
Timbul dan tenggelam bila perlu
Tangki diisi air atau udara
1Tebuk lubang pada botol plastik dan pasang pemberat
2Masukkan tiub ke dalam botol
3Masukkan botol ke dalam air: air masuk, botol tenggelam
4Tiup udara melalui tiub: air keluar, botol timbul
潜水艇 = kapal selam；水箱 = tangki；重物 = pemberat；吹 = tiup
潜水艇能沉能浮，秘密在它的水箱。要下沉时，让水灌进水箱，潜水艇变得比水密；要上浮时，把水打出去，水箱装进空气，潜水艇变得比水稀。用塑胶瓶、管子和重物可以做模型：瓶子放进水里，水流进去，瓶子沉；从管子吹气进去，把水挤出来，瓶子就浮上来。
例子：吸管插进装水的小瓶里吹气，瓶子会慢慢升起。
注意：潜水艇的大小没有变，变的是里面装水还是装空气。
submarine = kapal selam; tank = tangki; weight = pemberat; blow = tiup
A submarine can both sink and rise, and the secret is its tanks. To dive, water is let into the tanks so the submarine becomes denser than water. To rise, the water is pumped out and the tanks fill with air, so it becomes less dense. A model can be made from a plastic bottle, a tube and a weight: in the water, water flows in and the bottle sinks; blow air in through the tube, the water is pushed out and the bottle rises.
Example: blow through a straw into a small bottle full of water and the bottle slowly rises.
Watch out: the submarine's size does not change; what changes is whether its tanks hold water or air.
Cuba
Hafiz meniup udara ke dalam model kapal selamnya melalui tiub. Apakah yang berlaku?
吹气进模型 = tiup udara ke dalam model
吹进去的空气把瓶里的水挤出去，瓶里空气多了、水少了，整个模型变得比水稀，所以会浮上来。水流进去才会沉；一直留在底下也不对。
例子：停止吹气，让水重新流进瓶子，模型又会慢慢下沉。
注意：空气多 → 比较稀 → 浮；水多 → 比较密 → 沉。
blowing air into the model = tiup udara ke dalam model
The air blown in pushes water out of the bottle, so there is more air and less water inside and the whole model becomes less dense than water, which makes it rise. Letting water in is what makes it sink, and staying on the bottom is also wrong.
Example: stop blowing and let water flow back in, and the model slowly sinks again.
Watch out: more air means less dense, so it floats; more water means denser, so it sinks.
Ingat semula
Rumusan Bab 7
Ketumpatan menentukan timbul atau tenggelam
Timbul
kurang tumpat daripada air
Tenggelam
lebih tumpat daripada air
Air lebih tumpat
larutkan garam atau gula
Aplikasi
kapal · sauh · jaket keselamatan · sangkar ikan · kapal selam
复习第七章 = ingat semula Bab 7；醋 = cuka；气泡 = gelembung gas
第七章重点：比水稀的东西浮，比水密的东西沉；在水里溶解盐或糖，水会变密；船、锚、救生衣、鱼排网箱、潜水艇都用到密度的道理。还有一个好玩的实验：蛋壳碎片放进醋里，会产生小气泡粘在蛋壳上，蛋壳变稀就浮起来，气泡破了又沉下去，看起来像在跳舞。
例子：一杯汽水里的葡萄干也会因为气泡上上下下。
注意：气泡里是气体，粘上去会让东西整体变稀。
reviewing Chapter 7 = ingat semula Bab 7; vinegar = cuka; gas bubbles = gelembung gas
Key points of Chapter 7: things less dense than water float and things denser than water sink; dissolving salt or sugar makes water denser; ships, anchors, life jackets, fish cages and submarines all use density. There is also a fun activity: pieces of eggshell in vinegar get covered in tiny gas bubbles, become less dense and rise, then sink again when the bubbles burst, so they seem to dance.
Example: raisins in a glass of fizzy drink also bob up and down because of the bubbles.
Watch out: bubbles hold gas, so when they stick to something they make it less dense overall.
Mari jawab
Sebiji objek tenggelam di dalam air paip. Apakah yang boleh dilakukan supaya objek itu timbul?
让沉的东西浮起来 = jadikan objek timbul
要让沉下去的东西浮起来，就要让水比它更密，方法是在水里溶解很多盐（或糖）。多加清水，水的密度不会变；单单换成冷水也不能让它浮起来。
例子：在水里加盐，原本沉底的小番茄也可能浮起来。
注意：加的是要能“溶解”的东西，例如盐和糖。
making a sunken object float = jadikan objek timbul
To make a sunken object float, the water must become denser than the object, and the way to do that is to dissolve a lot of salt (or sugar) in it. Adding more tap water does not change the water's density, and simply using cold water will not make it float.
Example: adding salt to water can make a cherry tomato that sank float up.
Watch out: what you add must dissolve, like salt or sugar.
KBAT
Sebiji oren berkulit timbul di dalam air. Selepas kulitnya dikupas, oren itu tenggelam. Mengapa?
橙子的高阶思维题 = soalan KBAT oren
橙子皮厚厚的，里面有很多小小的空气孔，像一件救生衣，让整颗橙子比水稀，所以带皮的橙子会浮。剥掉皮以后，这些空气孔不见了，剩下的果肉比水密，就沉下去。不是果肉比皮轻，水的密度也没有改变。
例子：同样道理，有空气孔的海绵会浮，实心的肥皂会沉。
注意：答题时要说出“空气孔被剥掉，橙子变得比水密”。
the orange thinking question = soalan KBAT oren
Orange peel is thick and full of tiny air spaces, acting like a life jacket that makes the whole orange less dense than water, so an orange with its peel floats. Once the peel is removed, those air spaces are gone and the fruit left behind is denser than water, so it sinks. The flesh is not lighter than the peel, and the water's density has not changed.
Example: in the same way, a sponge with air spaces floats while a solid bar of soap sinks.
Watch out: a full answer says the air spaces were peeled away, making the orange denser than water.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
Garam atau gula → air lebih tumpat
Air menjadi lebih tumpat apabila garam atau gula dilarutkan. Cecair yang kurang tumpat berada di atas. Ketumpatan digunakan pada kapal, jaket keselamatan dan kapal selam.
Kembali ke Ketumpatan →