Unit 1
Timbul, Tenggelam dan Ketumpatan
Kina dan ayahnya memerhatikan itik mainan di dalam akuarium. Itik itu tidak tenggelam!
Mengapakah sesetengah objek timbul dan sesetengahnya tenggelam? Jawapannya ialah ketumpatan.
浮 = timbul；沉 = tenggelam；密度 = ketumpatan
Kina 和爸爸看着鱼缸里的玩具鸭子，它一直浮在水面，没有沉下去。为什么有些东西会浮、有些东西会沉？这一课先动手试试各种东西，再认识决定浮沉的原因：密度。
例子：洗澡时，塑胶玩具浮在水面，掉进水里的钥匙却沉到盆底。
注意：东西大不大、重不重，并不是决定浮沉的原因，课里会说明。
float = timbul; sink = tenggelam; density = ketumpatan
Kina and her father watch a toy duck in an aquarium; it stays on the surface and never sinks. Why do some things float while others sink? In this unit we first try out different objects, then meet the reason behind floating and sinking: density.
Example: at bath time a plastic toy floats, but a key dropped in the water sinks to the bottom of the basin.
Watch out: being big or heavy is not what decides floating or sinking, as this unit will show.
Timbul dan tenggelam
Di permukaan atau di dasar?
Perhatikan kedudukan objek di dalam air
Timbul
berada di permukaan air · ranting kayu, daun kering, botol plastik kosong
Tenggelam
turun ke dasar air · batu, paku, duit syiling
水面 = permukaan air；水底 = dasar air；树枝 = ranting kayu
浮的东西停在水面上，沉的东西会一直往下，落到水底。孩子们在河边玩，丢进河里的小树枝浮在水面顺着水漂走，丢下去的石头却“扑通”一声沉到河底。
例子：空的塑胶瓶浮在水面，铁钉沉在水底。
注意：只要停在水面就算浮，就算有一部分泡在水里也一样。
water surface = permukaan air; bottom of the water = dasar air; twig = ranting kayu
An object that floats stays at the water surface, while an object that sinks goes down to the bottom. Children playing by a river throw in a twig that floats away on the surface, but a stone they throw goes plop and sinks to the riverbed.
Example: an empty plastic bottle floats on top, and an iron nail lies on the bottom.
Watch out: an object that stays at the surface counts as floating even if part of it is under water.
Mari uji: timbul atau tenggelam?
Pilih objek. Ramal dahulu, kemudian lihat keputusannya.
预测 = ramal；结果 = keputusan；玻璃弹珠 = guli；软木塞 = gabus；海绵 = span
实验台有六样东西：乒乓球、硬币、软木塞、弹珠、海绵和肥皂。先选一样，按 Timbul 或 Tenggelam 说出你的预测，东西就会放进水里，看看结果跟预测一不一样。六样都要试。
例子：你猜硬币会浮，结果它沉到底，就知道预测错了，这也是学习。
注意：预测错没关系，科学家就是靠测试来找出真正的答案。
predict = ramal; result = keputusan; marble = guli; cork = gabus; sponge = span
The lab has six objects: a ping-pong ball, a coin, a cork, a marble, a sponge and a bar of soap. Choose one and press Timbul or Tenggelam to make your prediction; the object is then dropped into the water so you can compare the result with your guess. Try all six.
Example: you guess the coin will float, but it sinks to the bottom, so your prediction was wrong, and that is learning too.
Watch out: a wrong prediction is fine; scientists test things to find the real answer.
Semak makmal
Antara objek ini, yang manakah timbul?
哪一样会浮 = objek yang timbul
在实验台里，软木塞一直浮在水面；弹珠和硬币都沉到了水底。软木塞很轻、里面有很多细小的空气，所以会浮。钓鱼用的浮标也常用软木做。
例子：乒乓球和干海绵也会浮。
注意：硬币虽然很小，还是会沉。
which one floats = objek yang timbul
In the lab the cork stayed on the surface, while the marble and the coin sank to the bottom. Cork is light and full of tiny air spaces, so it floats; fishing floats are often made of cork.
Example: a ping-pong ball and a dry sponge float too.
Watch out: a coin is small, but it still sinks.
Ketumpatan
Kurang tumpat atau lebih tumpat?
Bandingkan objek dengan air
Kurang tumpat daripada air → timbul · Lebih tumpat daripada air → tenggelam
密度比水小 = kurang tumpat；密度比水大 = lebih tumpat；空气孔 = rongga udara
东西浮还是沉，要看它的密度跟水比。密度比水小（kurang tumpat）的东西会浮，密度比水大（lebih tumpat）的东西会沉。动画里海绵有很多空气孔，整体密度比水小，所以浮在水面；肥皂紧紧实实，没有空气孔，密度比水大，所以沉到底。
例子：救生圈里装满空气，所以能浮起来。
注意：比较的对象一定是“水”，说“密度比水小”或“密度比水大”。
less dense = kurang tumpat; more dense = lebih tumpat; air spaces = rongga udara
Whether an object floats or sinks depends on its density compared with water. An object less dense than water floats, and an object more dense than water sinks. In the animation the sponge is full of air spaces, so overall it is less dense than water and floats; the soap is solid with no air spaces, so it is denser than water and sinks.
Example: a swim ring is filled with air, which is why it floats.
Watch out: always compare with water: say less dense than water or more dense than water.
Cuba
Mengapakah span timbul?
海绵为什么浮 = mengapa span timbul
海绵里有很多小孔，孔里充满空气，所以整块海绵密度比水小，会浮在水面。“密度比水大”的东西会沉，刚好相反；颜色跟浮沉没有关系。
例子：海绵吸饱了水以后，空气被水赶走，有些就会慢慢下沉。
注意：答浮沉的原因，要说到“密度”和“空气孔”。
why a sponge floats = mengapa span timbul
A sponge has many small holes filled with air, so the whole sponge is less dense than water and floats. Something more dense than water would sink, which is the opposite, and colour has nothing to do with floating.
Example: once a sponge soaks up lots of water, the air is pushed out and some sponges slowly sink.
Watch out: a reason for floating should mention density and air spaces.
Bukan saiz
Besar tidak semestinya tenggelam
Ketumpatan yang menentukan
Kayu balak besar
kurang tumpat daripada air → timbul
Paku kecil
lebih tumpat daripada air → tenggelam
大小不是关键 = bukan saiz；原木 = kayu balak；铁钉 = paku
很多人以为东西越大越重就越会沉，其实不对。河上一根巨大的原木浮着顺流而下，因为木头密度比水小；一根小小的铁钉却沉到底，因为铁密度比水大。决定浮沉的是密度，不是大小或重量。
例子：一大块保丽龙浮在水面，一颗小石子却沉下去。
注意：遇到“大的会沉”这种说法，要想到原木的例子。
size is not the key = bukan saiz; log = kayu balak; nail = paku
Many people think bigger, heavier things always sink, but that is not true. A huge log floats down the river because wood is less dense than water, while a tiny iron nail sinks because iron is denser than water. Density decides floating and sinking, not size or weight.
Example: a big block of polystyrene floats, but a small pebble sinks.
Watch out: when someone says big things sink, remember the floating log.
Fikir
Kayu balak besar timbul tetapi paku kecil tenggelam. Apakah kesimpulannya?
下结论 = membuat kesimpulan
大的原木浮、小的铁钉沉，说明大小不能决定浮沉；如果“大的一定浮”，那大石头也该浮，但它会沉；如果“小的一定浮”，铁钉就不会沉。真正的原因是密度：木头密度比水小，铁密度比水大。
例子：一颗小小的乒乓球浮，一颗小小的弹珠沉，同样大小也会有不同结果。
注意：结论要能解释所有例子，不能只适合其中一个。
drawing a conclusion = membuat kesimpulan
A big log floats and a small nail sinks, which shows that size cannot decide floating. If big things always floated, a big rock would float, but it sinks; if small things always floated, the nail would not sink. The real reason is density: wood is less dense than water and iron is denser.
Example: a small ping-pong ball floats and a small marble sinks, so objects of the same size can behave differently.
Watch out: a conclusion must explain every example, not just one of them.
Bina ayat
Susun perkataan menjadi ayat yang betul.
造句 = bina ayat
这一题要把六块词语排成一个完整的句子，意思是“密度比水大的东西会沉下去”。排的时候先说主角是什么样的东西，也就是“密度比水大的东西”，最后才说它会怎么样，也就是“会沉”。按 Semak 检查，排错了可以按 Padam 重新排。
例子：反过来的句子是 Objek yang kurang tumpat daripada air akan timbul。
注意：lebih tumpat 配 tenggelam，kurang tumpat 配 timbul，不要配反。
building a sentence = bina ayat
The correct sentence is Objek yang lebih tumpat daripada air akan tenggelam, meaning an object denser than water will sink. First say which object (Objek yang lebih tumpat daripada air), then what happens (akan tenggelam).
Example: the opposite sentence is Objek yang kurang tumpat daripada air akan timbul.
Watch out: lebih tumpat goes with tenggelam and kurang tumpat goes with timbul; do not swap them.
Ramal
Siti memasukkan sebiji bola pingpong dan sebiji guli ke dalam air. Apakah ramalan yang betul?
预测乒乓球和弹珠 = ramal bola pingpong dan guli
乒乓球里面是空心的，装着空气，密度比水小，所以会浮；玻璃弹珠是实心的，密度比水大，所以会沉。两个都沉或者反过来都不对。
例子：空心的塑胶球会浮，实心的铁球会沉。
注意：先想“里面有没有空气”，就容易判断。
predicting a ping-pong ball and a marble = ramal bola pingpong dan guli
A ping-pong ball is hollow and full of air, so it is less dense than water and floats. A glass marble is solid and denser than water, so it sinks. Both sinking, or the other way round, is wrong.
Example: a hollow plastic ball floats, while a solid iron ball sinks.
Watch out: first ask whether there is air inside, and the answer becomes easier.
Fikir
Mengapakah itik mainan Kina tidak tenggelam di dalam akuarium?
玩具鸭为什么不沉 = mengapa itik mainan tidak tenggelam
塑胶玩具鸭里面是空心的，装着空气，整只鸭子密度比水小，所以浮在水面。跟鱼缸的水深浅无关；说它“比水重”也不对，重的说法也不能解释浮沉。
例子：如果在玩具鸭身上戳个洞，水跑进去把空气赶走，它就可能沉下去。
注意：解释浮沉时要用“kurang tumpat”或“lebih tumpat”。
why the toy duck does not sink = mengapa itik mainan tidak tenggelam
A plastic toy duck is hollow and full of air, so the whole duck is less dense than water and floats on the surface. The depth of the aquarium water has nothing to do with it, and calling the duck heavier than water does not explain floating either.
Example: if the duck had a hole, water could get in and push out the air, and it might sink.
Watch out: explain floating and sinking with kurang tumpat or lebih tumpat.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
Kurang tumpat timbul · lebih tumpat tenggelam
Objek yang kurang tumpat daripada air timbul. Objek yang lebih tumpat daripada air tenggelam. Rongga udara menjadikan objek kurang tumpat.
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