Unit 1
Luas
Ayah membawa Hafiz menonton bola sepak di stadium. "Besarnya padang ini!" kata Hafiz.
Besarnya sesuatu kawasan atau permukaan dipanggil luas. Mari belajar mengukur luas.
面积 = luas；表面 = permukaan；区域 = kawasan
爸爸带 Hafiz 到体育场看足球，Hafiz 说球场好大。一块地方或一个表面有多大，就叫做面积。这一课学面积的意思、面积的单位，以及用方格纸量面积，还会估计树叶这种不规则表面的面积。
例子：书桌桌面和邮票都有面积，桌面的面积大得多。
注意：面积量的是“表面有多大”，不是物体有多长或有多重。
area = luas; surface = permukaan; region = kawasan
Dad takes Hafiz to watch football at the stadium, and Hafiz says the field is huge. How big a place or a surface is, is called its area. In this unit we learn what area means, the units of area, how to measure area with squared paper, and how to estimate the area of uneven surfaces such as a leaf.
Example: a desk top and a stamp both have an area, and the desk top's area is much bigger.
Watch out: area measures how big a surface is, not how long or how heavy an object is.
Unit piawai luas
cm², m² dan km²
Pilih unit mengikut saiz permukaan
cm² · sentimeter persegi
permukaan kecil: buku, kad, setem
m² · meter persegi
permukaan besar: lantai bilik darjah, padang
km² · kilometer persegi
kawasan sangat luas: daerah, negeri, tasik
平方厘米 = sentimeter persegi (cm²)；平方米 = meter persegi (m²)；平方公里 = kilometer persegi (km²)
面积有标准单位。小的表面，例如书本、卡片、邮票，用平方厘米；大的表面，例如课室地板、球场，用平方米；非常大的地区，例如一个县、一个州或一个湖，用平方公里。单位右上角的小 2 读作“persegi”。
例子：一本作业簿封面约几百 cm²，课室地板约几十 m²。
注意：cm 是长度单位，cm² 才是面积单位，不要漏掉小 2。
square centimetre = sentimeter persegi (cm²); square metre = meter persegi (m²); square kilometre = kilometer persegi (km²)
Area has standard units. Small surfaces such as books, cards and stamps use square centimetres. Large surfaces such as a classroom floor or a field use square metres. Very large regions such as a district, a state or a lake use square kilometres. The small 2 at the top right is read as persegi.
Example: an exercise book cover is a few hundred cm², while a classroom floor is a few dozen m².
Watch out: cm is a unit of length; cm² is the unit of area, so do not leave out the small 2.
Cuba
Unit manakah paling sesuai untuk luas lantai dewan sekolah?
选择面积单位 = pilih unit luas
学校礼堂的地板很大，用平方厘米会得到一个非常大的数字，不方便；用平方公里又太大，那是量州或湖的单位。所以最合适的是平方米。
例子：羽毛球场的面积也用平方米来表示。
注意：选单位时先想一想物体的大小：小用 cm²，大用 m²，非常大用 km²。
choosing an area unit = pilih unit luas
A school hall floor is large. Square centimetres would give a huge, awkward number, and square kilometres are far too big, since they are for states and lakes. So square metres fit best.
Example: the area of a badminton court is also given in square metres.
Watch out: think of the size first: small means cm², large means m², very large means km².
Permukaan sekata
Ukur dengan kertas petak
Setiap petak 1 cm × 1 cm = 1 cm²
方格纸 = kertas petak；规则表面 = permukaan sekata
量规则的表面（例如长方形卡片），可以用方格纸。每一格都是 1 厘米 × 1 厘米，也就是 1 平方厘米。把方格铺满整张卡片，再数一共几格。动画里卡片被 12 格刚好铺满，所以面积是 12 cm²。
例子：一张卡片铺满 5 格 × 2 行，就是 10 格，面积 10 cm²。
注意：方格之间不可以重叠，也不可以留空隙，不然数出来就不准。
squared paper = kertas petak; regular surface = permukaan sekata
To measure a regular surface such as a rectangular card, we can use squared paper. Each square is 1 cm by 1 cm, which is 1 square centimetre. Cover the whole card with squares and count them. In the animation the card is covered by exactly 12 squares, so its area is 12 cm².
Example: a card covered by 2 rows of 5 squares has 10 squares, so its area is 10 cm².
Watch out: the squares must not overlap or leave gaps, or the count will be wrong.
Cuba
Setiap petak ialah 1 cm². Berapakah luas bentuk berwarna ini?
数方格求面积 = kira petak untuk luas
图里涂色的方格一共有 7 格，每格是 1 cm²，所以面积是 7 cm²。12 是整个方格框里所有的格子，包括没有涂色的；6 是漏数了一格。
例子：如果涂色的格子排成 2 行、每行 3 格，面积就是 6 cm²。
注意：只数属于这个形状的格子，白色的格子不算。
counting squares for area = kira petak untuk luas
There are 7 coloured squares in the picture, and each is 1 cm², so the area is 7 cm². 12 is every square in the frame, including the white ones, and 6 means one square was missed.
Example: if the coloured squares made 2 rows of 3, the area would be 6 cm².
Watch out: count only the squares that belong to the shape; white squares do not count.
Permukaan tidak sekata
Anggar luas daun
Gunakan kertas graf atau kertas petak
Petak penuh ✓
dikira 1 cm²
Separuh atau lebih separuh ✓
dikira 1 cm²
Kurang separuh
tidak dikira
Anggaran luas = bilangan petak yang ditanda ✓
不规则表面 = permukaan tidak sekata；估计 = anggar；方格纸（坐标纸）= kertas graf
树叶、海星（tapak sulaiman）的边缘弯弯曲曲，叫不规则表面，只能估计面积。方法：把形状描在方格纸上；满格的打勾；刚好一半或超过一半的也打勾；不到一半的不算。最后数所有打勾的格子，就是大约的面积。
例子：一片叶子有 9 个满格、4 个超过一半的格子、3 个不到一半的格子，面积约 13 cm²。
注意：不规则表面的答案是“大约”，所以说“anggaran luas”。
uneven surface = permukaan tidak sekata; estimate = anggar; graph paper = kertas graf
A leaf or a starfish (tapak sulaiman) has a wavy edge, so it is an uneven surface and we can only estimate its area. Trace the shape on graph paper. Tick every full square, and also tick squares that are exactly half or more than half covered. Squares less than half covered are not counted. The number of ticked squares is the estimated area.
Example: a leaf with 9 full squares, 4 squares more than half covered and 3 squares less than half covered has an area of about 13 cm².
Watch out: for an uneven surface the answer is an estimate, so we say anggaran luas.
Anggar luas di atas kertas petak
Klik petak yang penuh, separuh atau lebih separuh diliputi bentuk. Tekan Semak.
打勾 = tanda；检查 = semak；帮我 = bantu saya
实验台上有三个形状：叶子、云和海星。点一下格子就会打勾，再点一次取消。只勾满格、刚好一半或超过一半的格子，不到一半的不要勾。按 Semak 检查；如果卡住了，可以按 Bantu saya 看答案。三个形状都要试。
例子：叶子尖端只碰到格子一个小角，那一格就不要勾。
注意：右边的数字会显示你勾了几格，那就是估计的面积。
tick = tanda; check = semak; help me = bantu saya
The lab has three shapes: a leaf, a cloud and a starfish. Click a square to tick it, and click again to untick. Tick only squares that are full, exactly half or more than half covered, and leave squares less than half covered. Press Semak to check, or press Bantu saya to see the answer if you are stuck. Try all three shapes.
Example: if the tip of the leaf only touches a small corner of a square, do not tick that square.
Watch out: the number on the right shows how many squares you ticked, which is the estimated area.
Semak makmal
Sehelai daun menutup 10 petak penuh, 5 petak lebih separuh dan 4 petak kurang separuh. Berapakah anggaran luasnya?
计算估计面积 = kira anggaran luas
满格 10 格要算，超过一半的 5 格也要算，10 + 5 = 15，所以大约 15 cm²。不到一半的 4 格不算，如果也加进去就会得到 19；只算满格则是 10，都不对。
例子：8 个满格加 6 个超过一半的格子，面积大约 14 cm²。
注意：先分清楚三种格子，再决定哪些要加。
working out an estimated area = kira anggaran luas
The 10 full squares count and the 5 squares more than half covered count too, so 10 + 5 = 15, about 15 cm². The 4 squares less than half covered do not count; adding them gives 19, and counting only full squares gives 10, so both are wrong.
Example: 8 full squares plus 6 squares more than half covered make about 14 cm².
Watch out: sort the squares into the three kinds first, then decide which to add.
Cuba
Permukaan manakah tidak sekata?
认识不规则表面 = kenal permukaan tidak sekata
树叶的边缘弯弯曲曲、形状不整齐，是不规则表面，只能估计面积。作业簿封面和桌面都是长方形，边是直的，是规则表面，可以直接铺方格数出来。
例子：海星、手掌的轮廓也是不规则表面。
注意：判断时看边缘：直边的长方形是规则的，弯曲不整齐的是不规则的。
recognising an uneven surface = kenal permukaan tidak sekata
A leaf has a curved, irregular edge, so it is an uneven surface and its area can only be estimated. An exercise book cover and a table top are rectangles with straight edges, so they are regular surfaces whose squares can be counted exactly.
Example: a starfish and the outline of a hand are uneven surfaces too.
Watch out: look at the edges: straight-sided rectangles are regular, while wavy outlines are uneven.
Cuba
Kad ini ditutup oleh petak 1 cm². Berapakah luasnya?
规则卡片的面积 = luas kad sekata
卡片铺满了 2 行，每行 5 格，5 + 5 = 10 格，所以面积是 10 cm²。7 是只数了第一行再加两格；14 是把卡片周围的边数了一圈，那是边的长度，不是面积。
例子：3 行、每行 4 格的卡片，面积是 12 cm²。
注意：面积数的是“格子”，不是数“边”。
area of a regular card = luas kad sekata
The card is covered by 2 rows of 5 squares, 5 + 5 = 10 squares, so its area is 10 cm². 7 comes from counting one row and two more squares, and 14 comes from counting the edges all the way round, which measures the border, not the area.
Example: a card covered by 3 rows of 4 squares has an area of 12 cm².
Watch out: area counts the squares inside, not the sides around the edge.
Padankan
Unit luas yang sesuai
面积单位配对 = padankan unit luas
邮票很小，用平方厘米；排球场是大的场地，用平方米；肯逸湖（Tasik Kenyir）是马来西亚很大的人造湖，用平方公里。量得准，就能买刚好需要的材料，所以测量在日常生活中很重要，可以避免浪费（mengelakkan pembaziran）。
例子：一张明信片用 cm²，学校操场用 m²，京那巴鲁公园整个范围用 km²。
注意：同样是“场地”，球场用 m²，整个湖或整个县才用 km²。
matching area units = padankan unit luas
A stamp is tiny, so it uses square centimetres. A volleyball court is a large surface, so it uses square metres. Tasik Kenyir is a very large man-made lake in Malaysia, so it uses square kilometres. Measuring accurately lets us buy just the amount of material we need, so measurement matters in daily life to avoid waste (mengelakkan pembaziran).
Example: a postcard uses cm², a school field uses m², and the whole of Kinabalu Park uses km².
Watch out: a sports court is measured in m²; only a whole lake or district needs km².
Ringkasan
Syabas!
Luas: cm² · m² · km²
Luas ialah besarnya permukaan. Permukaan sekata diukur dengan petak 1 cm². Luas permukaan tidak sekata dianggar: petak penuh, separuh dan lebih separuh dikira. Pengukuran penting dalam kehidupan harian untuk mengelakkan pembaziran.
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