Unit 2
Kepentingan dan Teknologi Pembiakan
Bayangkan kalau semua pokok di hutan tidak membiak lagi. Lama-kelamaan pokok akan habis.
Apakah kepentingan pembiakan tumbuhan? Bagaimanakah manusia menggunakan teknologi untuk membiakkan tumbuhan?
重要性 = kepentingan；科技 = teknologi；森林 = hutan
上一课认识了植物的六种繁殖方式。这一课想一想：植物繁殖对人和动物有什么好处？如果森林里的树都不再繁殖，树会越来越少，最后消失。我们也会认识人类用科技帮助植物繁殖的方法：组织培养和高压法。
例子：果园主人想很快得到很多棵一样好的榴梿苗，就会用科技方法繁殖。
注意：这一课的重点是“为什么重要”和“人怎样帮忙繁殖”。
importance = kepentingan; technology = teknologi; forest = hutan
In the last unit we met six ways plants reproduce. Now we think about why plant reproduction matters to people and animals. If the trees in a forest stopped reproducing, there would be fewer and fewer trees until none were left. We will also meet two ways people use technology to help plants reproduce: tissue culture and marcotting.
Example: an orchard owner who wants many identical good seedlings quickly will use a technology method.
Watch out: this unit is about why reproduction matters and how people help it along.
Kepentingan
Mengapa tumbuhan perlu membiak?
Hidupan lain bergantung kepada tumbuhan
Makanan
padi, sayur dan buah untuk manusia dan haiwan
Oksigen
udara segar untuk bernafas
Kayu
rumah, meja, kerusi
Habitat
tempat tinggal burung, monyet dan serangga
Tumbuhan terus membiak → spesiesnya tidak pupus
食物 = makanan；氧气 = oksigen；木材 = kayu；栖息地 = habitat
植物繁殖很重要，因为其他生物都依靠植物。植物给人和动物提供食物，例如稻米、蔬菜、水果；植物释放氧气，让我们呼吸；树木提供木材来盖房子、做家具；树林也是鸟、猴子、昆虫的家。植物不断繁殖，它们的种类就不会灭绝。
例子：一片森林被砍光后又没有新树长出来，住在那里的犀鸟就失去了家。
注意：氧气是植物释放出来的，不是植物吸进去的。
food = makanan; oxygen = oksigen; timber = kayu; habitat = habitat
Plant reproduction matters because other living things depend on plants. Plants give food to people and animals, such as rice, vegetables and fruit. Plants release oxygen for us to breathe. Trees give timber for houses and furniture. Forests are also home to birds, monkeys and insects. As long as plants keep reproducing, their species will not die out.
Example: if a forest is cleared and no new trees grow back, the hornbills living there lose their home.
Watch out: plants release oxygen; they do not take it in for this purpose.
Situasi
Sekumpulan monyet tinggal di hutan. Mengapakah hutan itu penting kepada monyet?
森林对猴子的意义 = kepentingan hutan kepada monyet
猴子住在树上，树林就是它们的栖息地；它们也吃树上的果子和嫩叶，所以森林同时是家和食物来源。森林不会给猴子“自来水”，也不会让猴子长得特别快。
例子：在京那巴鲁山脚的森林里，长鼻猴靠吃红树林的叶子生活。
注意：habitat 的意思就是“生物住的地方”。
why the forest matters to monkeys = kepentingan hutan kepada monyet
Monkeys live in the trees, so the forest is their habitat, and they eat fruit and young leaves from the trees, so the forest is also their food source. A forest does not supply tap water, and it does not make monkeys grow faster.
Example: proboscis monkeys in Sabah live by eating the leaves of mangrove trees.
Watch out: habitat simply means the place where a living thing lives.
Fikir
Apakah akan berlaku jika sejenis tumbuhan tidak membiak lagi?
不繁殖的后果 = akibat tidak membiak
每棵植物最终都会老死。如果某种植物不再繁殖，就没有新的植物接替，数量会越来越少，最后整种植物从世界上消失，这就叫灭绝（pupus）。植物不会因为不繁殖就永远活着，也不会变颜色。
例子：一种稀有的兰花如果被人全部摘走，没有留下来繁殖，就可能灭绝。
注意：pupus 是整个种类都没有了，不只是一棵死掉。
what happens without reproduction = akibat tidak membiak
Every plant grows old and dies in the end. If a kind of plant stops reproducing, no new plants replace the old ones, so there are fewer and fewer until the whole kind disappears from the world. That is called extinction (pupus). Not reproducing does not make a plant live forever or change colour.
Example: if every plant of a rare orchid is picked and none is left to reproduce, that orchid could become extinct.
Watch out: pupus means the whole kind is gone, not just one plant dying.
Satu pokok, pelbagai cara
Lebih daripada satu cara
Sesetengah tumbuhan boleh membiak dengan dua cara
Kangkung
biji benih atau keratan batang
Selasih
biji benih atau keratan batang
Keledek
keratan batang atau ubinya
不止一种方式 = lebih daripada satu cara；空心菜 = kangkung；九层塔 = selasih；番薯 = keledek
有些植物可以用两种方法繁殖。空心菜可以撒种子，也可以剪一段茎来插；九层塔（selasih）也一样；番薯可以插藤，也可以把番薯块埋进土里让它发芽。农夫会选择方便又快的方法。
例子：菜贩买来的空心菜，剪下的茎尾插在湿土里，过几天就长出新叶。
注意：问“只有一种方式”的时候，要想到这些植物有两种方式。
more than one way = lebih daripada satu cara; water spinach = kangkung; basil = selasih; sweet potato = keledek
Some plants can be grown in two ways. Water spinach can be sown from seeds or grown from a stem cutting, and basil (selasih) is the same. Sweet potato can be grown from a stem cutting or by burying a sweet potato so it sprouts. Farmers pick the method that is easier and faster.
Example: the stem ends left over from market water spinach, pushed into damp soil, grow new leaves in a few days.
Watch out: if a question suggests these plants have only one way, remember they have two.
Mari uji
Kangkung: dua cara
Contoh keputusan kumpulan Mei Ling
| Hari | Pasu A · keratan batang | Pasu B · biji benih |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | batang dicucuk | biji benih ditabur |
| 4 | akar baharu ✓ | biji benih bercambah ✓ |
| 7 | pucuk baharu ✓ | anak benih berdaun ✓ |
Kedua-dua cara berjaya menumbuhkan kangkung.
实验 = uji kaji；花盆 = pasu；记录 = rekod
美玲那一组用两个花盆种空心菜：A 盆插茎段，B 盆撒种子，每天都浇一样多的水。第 4 天，A 盆的茎长出新根，B 盆的种子发芽；第 7 天，两盆都有新的绿叶。表格把每天看到的情况记录下来，方便比较。
例子：如果你也做这个实验，可以每天同一时间拍照，再填进表格。
注意：表格里的天数只是这一组的结果，别的组可能快一点或慢一点。
experiment = uji kaji; pot = pasu; record = rekod
Mei Ling's group grows water spinach in two pots: pot A from a stem cutting and pot B from seeds, giving both the same water every day. On day 4 the stem in pot A has new roots and the seeds in pot B have germinated; on day 7 both pots have new green leaves. The table records what they saw so the two methods can be compared.
Example: if you try it, take a photo at the same time every day and fill in the table.
Watch out: the days in the table are this group's results; another group might see changes a little sooner or later.
Buat inferens
Apakah inferens yang betul daripada keputusan kumpulan Mei Ling?
做推论 = membuat inferens
两个花盆都长出了新的空心菜：A 盆来自茎段，B 盆来自种子。所以可以推论空心菜能用种子和插枝两种方法繁殖。说“只靠种子”不对，A 盆证明插枝也行；实验里每天都浇水，没有证据说它不需要水。
例子：如果只有 B 盆长出来、A 盆枯掉，推论才会变成“空心菜要用种子种”。
注意：推论要根据表格里真正看到的结果。
making an inference = membuat inferens
Both pots grew new water spinach: pot A from a stem cutting and pot B from seeds. So we can infer that water spinach reproduces both from seeds and from stem cuttings. Saying only seeds work is wrong, because pot A shows cuttings work too, and since both pots were watered daily there is no evidence that it grows without water.
Example: if only pot B had grown and pot A had died, the inference would be that water spinach needs seeds.
Watch out: an inference must rest on what the table actually shows.
Teknologi 1
Kultur tisu
Banyak anak pokok daripada secebis tisu
Contoh: orkid · pisang · kelapa sawit
组织培养 = kultur tisu；养分 = nutrien；干净无菌 = bersih
组织培养是一种繁殖植物的科技。从母株取下一小块组织，放进非常干净、装着养分的瓶子里，组织会慢慢长成很多棵小苗，最后再把小苗移种到泥土里。用这种方法，短时间内可以得到大量和母株一模一样的小苗。兰花、香蕉、油棕常用这种方法。
例子：花市里一排排同样颜色、同样大小的兰花盆栽，很多就是组织培养出来的。
注意：瓶子一定要很干净，不然细菌会让组织坏掉。
tissue culture = kultur tisu; nutrients = nutrien; clean and germ-free = bersih
Tissue culture is a technology for growing plants. A tiny piece of tissue is taken from the parent plant and put into a very clean container with nutrients. The tissue grows into many small plants, which are later moved into soil. In a short time this gives a large number of young plants exactly like the parent. Orchids, bananas and oil palms are often grown this way.
Example: rows of orchids of the same colour and size at a flower market were often produced by tissue culture.
Watch out: the container must be very clean, or germs will spoil the tissue.
Teknologi 2
Tut
Akar tumbuh ketika dahan masih pada pokok
1Kupas kulit dahan sekeliling
2Balut dengan tanah lembap
3Balut dengan plastik dan ikat
4Tunggu akar tumbuh
5Potong dahan dan tanam
Contoh: rambutan · mangga · jambu air · limau
高压法 = tut；剥皮 = kupas kulit；包 = balut
高压法（圈枝）是另一种繁殖科技。先把枝条的一圈树皮剥掉，用湿泥包住，外面再包塑胶袋绑紧。几个星期后，包着的地方长出新根，这时把枝条从下面剪断，种进土里，就是一棵新树。红毛丹、芒果、水蓊、柑橘常用这种方法。
例子：外公在芒果树上包了三个“泥球”，两个月后剪下来，种成三棵小芒果树。
注意：高压法是先长根、再剪下来；插枝是先剪下来、再长根。
marcotting = tut; peel the bark = kupas kulit; wrap = balut
Marcotting is another propagation technology. A ring of bark is peeled off a branch, the spot is wrapped in damp soil, and then it is wrapped in plastic and tied. After a few weeks roots grow inside the wrap. The branch is then cut below the roots and planted as a new tree. Rambutan, mango, water apple and lime are often grown this way.
Example: Grandpa wraps three soil balls on his mango tree; two months later he cuts them off and plants three young mango trees.
Watch out: in marcotting the roots grow before the branch is cut; with a stem cutting the stem is cut first.
Susun langkah
Susun langkah membuat tut.
高压法步骤排序 = susun langkah tut
正确顺序：剥一圈树皮 → 包湿泥 → 包塑胶袋 → 等新根长出来 → 剪下来种。剥皮之后才能包泥，包了泥才包塑胶袋保持湿润；一定要等根长好了才剪，太早剪下来，枝条没有根就会枯死。
例子：如果先剪下枝条再包泥，那就不是高压法了。
注意：“剪下来种”永远是最后一步。
ordering the marcotting steps = susun langkah tut
The right order is: peel a ring of bark, wrap with damp soil, wrap with plastic, wait for roots to grow, then cut and plant. The soil goes on after peeling, and the plastic goes on after the soil to keep it moist. You must wait for the roots before cutting; a branch cut too early has no roots and dries up.
Example: cutting the branch first and then wrapping it in soil would no longer be marcotting.
Watch out: cutting and planting is always the last step.
Cuba
Sebuah ladang mahu menghasilkan beribu-ribu anak pokok pisang yang sama dalam masa singkat. Teknologi manakah paling sesuai?
大量繁殖 = membiak dengan banyak
组织培养只需要一小块组织，就能在短时间里培育出大量一模一样的小苗，最适合大农场。高压法一次只能得到一棵，而且要等几个星期；孢子是菇类、蕨类的繁殖方式，香蕉不用孢子。
例子：油棕园也用组织培养，得到大量品质好的油棕苗。
注意：题目关键词是“几千棵”和“短时间”。
producing plants in large numbers = membiak dengan banyak
Tissue culture needs only a tiny piece of tissue to grow a huge number of identical young plants in a short time, so it suits a big farm best. Marcotting gives only one plant per branch and takes weeks, and spores are how mushrooms and ferns reproduce, not bananas.
Example: oil palm estates also use tissue culture to get many good-quality seedlings.
Watch out: the key words in the question are thousands and a short time.
Santai sains
Taman gantung
Guna semula botol plastik
1Potong bahagian tepi botol plastik
2Tebuk lubang kecil di bawah untuk air keluar
3Isi dengan tanah
4Tanam keratan batang, anak pokok atau biji benih
5Gantung di tempat bercahaya dan siram
吊挂花园 = taman gantung；旧塑胶瓶 = botol plastik terpakai
用用过的塑胶瓶可以做吊挂小花园：把瓶身侧面剪开，底部戳几个小洞让多余的水流走，装进泥土，再种下茎段、小苗或种子，挂在有阳光的地方，按时浇水。这样既能练习繁殖植物，又能重复使用旧瓶子。
例子：班上把十个旧水瓶挂在走廊栏杆上，分别种了空心菜、九层塔和薄荷。
注意：底部一定要有洞，不然水积在瓶里，根会烂掉。
hanging garden = taman gantung; used plastic bottle = botol plastik terpakai
A used plastic bottle can become a small hanging garden. Cut open the side of the bottle, poke a few small holes in the bottom so extra water drains away, fill it with soil, then plant a stem cutting, a young plant or seeds. Hang it where there is sunlight and water it regularly. It is a way to practise growing plants and to reuse old bottles.
Example: a class hangs ten old water bottles on the corridor railing and grows water spinach, basil and mint in them.
Watch out: the bottom needs holes, or water collects inside and the roots rot.
Fikir
Mengapakah lubang kecil perlu dibuat di bawah botol taman gantung?
瓶底打洞的原因 = sebab menebuk lubang
浇水时多余的水需要流出去。如果瓶底没有洞，水积在泥里，根泡在水中会烂掉，植物就会死。打洞不是为了让昆虫进去，也不是为了让瓶子变轻。
例子：买回来的花盆底部也都有洞，就是同一个道理。
注意：植物需要水，但太多水也会伤害它。
why make holes = sebab menebuk lubang
Extra water has to drain away after watering. Without holes, water collects in the soil, the roots sit in water and rot, and the plant dies. The holes are not for letting insects in, and not for making the bottle lighter.
Example: shop-bought flower pots have holes in the bottom for the same reason.
Watch out: plants need water, but too much water also harms them.
Ingat semula
Rumusan Bab 5
Cara, kepentingan dan teknologi
6 cara
biji benih · anak pokok · batang bawah tanah · keratan batang · daun · spora
Kepentingan
makanan · oksigen · kayu · habitat · tidak pupus
Teknologi
kultur tisu (orkid, pisang) · tut (rambutan, mangga)
复习 = ingat semula；第五章 = Bab 5
整理第五章：植物有六种繁殖方式；有些植物例如空心菜、番薯可以用两种方式繁殖；植物繁殖给我们食物、氧气、木材，也给动物栖息地，还能避免植物灭绝；人类用组织培养和高压法帮助植物繁殖。
例子：一棵芒果树可以用种子种，也可以用高压法得到新树。
注意：组织培养在干净的瓶子里做；高压法在树上做。
review = ingat semula; chapter = Bab
A summary of Chapter 5: plants reproduce in six ways; some plants, such as water spinach and sweet potato, use two ways; plant reproduction gives us food, oxygen and timber, gives animals a habitat and stops plants dying out; people use tissue culture and marcotting to help plants reproduce.
Example: a mango tree can be grown from a seed or by marcotting.
Watch out: tissue culture happens in a clean container, while marcotting happens on the tree itself.
Mari jawab
Pokok manakah membiak melalui batang bawah tanah?
地下茎的例子 = contoh batang bawah tanah
马铃薯是长在土里的块茎，储存养分，上面的芽眼能长出新植物，所以靠地下茎繁殖。玉米靠种子，蕨类靠孢子。
例子：洋葱和姜也是地下茎。
注意：马铃薯虽然在土里，但它是茎，不是根。
example of an underground stem = contoh batang bawah tanah
A potato is a tuber that grows in the soil and stores food, and the eyes on it sprout into new plants, so it reproduces by underground stem. Corn uses seeds and ferns use spores.
Example: onions and ginger are underground stems too.
Watch out: a potato grows in the soil, but it is a stem, not a root.
Mari jawab
Encik Lim mahu pokok rambutan baharu yang berbuah sama manis seperti pokok lamanya. Cara manakah sesuai?
得到一样甜的红毛丹 = rambutan sama manis
高压法直接用老树的枝条长根，新树跟老树一模一样，所以果子也一样甜。红毛丹没有孢子；红毛丹的叶子放在地上也不会长出新树。
例子：果农常把最甜那棵树的枝条拿来做高压，保留好品种。
注意：用种子种出来的树，果子不一定跟母树一样甜。
getting equally sweet rambutans = rambutan sama manis
Marcotting grows roots on a branch of the old tree itself, so the new tree is exactly like the old one and its fruit is just as sweet. Rambutan trees have no spores, and a rambutan leaf left on the ground will not grow a new tree.
Example: fruit farmers often marcot branches from their sweetest tree to keep the good variety.
Watch out: a tree grown from seed may not give fruit as sweet as its parent.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
Pembiakan sangat penting
Pembiakan membekalkan makanan, oksigen, kayu dan habitat. Kultur tisu dan tut membantu manusia membiakkan tumbuhan.
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