Unit 1

Cara Pembiakan Tumbuh-tumbuhan

Pokok rambutan di belakang rumah Nenek sudah tua. Tetapi di bawahnya tumbuh anak-anak pokok baharu!
Tumbuhan membiak supaya spesiesnya tidak pupus. Mari kenal enam cara tumbuhan membiak.

繁殖 = pembiakan；灭绝 = pupus；物种 = spesies 这一课学植物怎样繁殖。植物会变老、会死，但它们会产生新的植物，让同一种植物继续存在，不会灭绝。奶奶家的红毛丹树老了，树下却长出了新的小树苗，这就是繁殖的结果。课里会认识六种繁殖方式。例子：一棵老椰子树倒下了，可是它掉下的椰子已经发芽，长成新的椰子树。注意：繁殖是“产生新的植物”，不是同一棵树长得更高更大。

reproduction = pembiakan; extinct = pupus; species = spesies This unit is about how plants reproduce. Plants grow old and die, but they make new plants so that the same kind of plant goes on living and does not become extinct. Grandma's old rambutan tree has young plants growing under it, and that is reproduction at work. We will meet six ways plants reproduce. Example: an old coconut palm falls down, but a coconut it dropped has already sprouted into a new palm. Watch out: reproduction means making new plants, not one plant growing taller.

Enam cara

Cara tumbuhan membiak

Setiap tumbuhan ada cara tersendiri

1 · Biji benih

padi, jagung, rambutan

2 · Anak pokok

pisang, nanas, serai

3 · Batang bawah tanah

halia, kentang, bawang

4 · Keratan batang

ubi kayu, bunga raya

5 · Daun

setawar, begonia

6 · Spora

cendawan, paku-pakis

种子 = biji benih；吸芽小苗 = anak pokok；地下茎 = batang bawah tanah；茎插枝 = keratan batang；叶子 = daun；孢子 = spora 植物繁殖的方式一共有六种。卡片上每一种都配了几个例子：稻、玉米靠种子；香蕉、黄梨从母株旁长出小苗；姜和马铃薯靠埋在土里的茎；木薯可以剪一段茎来种；有些植物的叶子会长出新苗；菇类和蕨类则靠孢子。例子：菜园里同时种着玉米和木薯，一个是撒种子，一个是插茎段。注意：一种植物不一定只有一种繁殖方式，下一课会讲到。

seed = biji benih; sucker = anak pokok; underground stem = batang bawah tanah; stem cutting = keratan batang; leaf = daun; spore = spora Plants reproduce in six ways. Each card gives some examples: rice and corn grow from seeds; banana and pineapple send up young shoots beside the parent; ginger and potato use stems buried in the soil; tapioca can be grown from a piece of stem; some leaves grow new plants; mushrooms and ferns use spores. Example: one vegetable plot has corn sown from seeds next to tapioca planted from stem pieces. Watch out: some plants reproduce in more than one way, which we will see in the next unit.

Cara 1

Biji benih

Biji benih bercambah menjadi anak pokok

Contoh: padi · jagung · kacang hijau · rambutan · durian

种子 = biji benih；发芽 = bercambah；根 = akar；嫩芽 = pucuk 很多植物靠种子繁殖。动画里种子放进湿润的泥土后，先往下长出根，接着往上长出绿色的嫩芽，最后叶子越来越多，成为一棵小苗。稻、玉米、绿豆、红毛丹、榴梿都是这样繁殖的。例子：把绿豆放在湿棉花上，两三天就看到白色的小根冒出来。注意：种子要有水才会发芽，放在干燥的罐子里是不会发芽的。

seed = biji benih; germinate = bercambah; root = akar; shoot = pucuk Many plants reproduce from seeds. In the animation a seed is put into damp soil: first a root grows down, then a green shoot grows up, and finally more leaves appear until it is a young plant. Rice, corn, mung beans, rambutan and durian all reproduce this way. Example: put mung beans on wet cotton wool and tiny white roots appear within two or three days. Watch out: seeds need water to germinate; seeds kept in a dry jar will not sprout.

Cuba

Apakah yang keluar dahulu apabila biji benih bercambah?

先长出什么 = apa keluar dahulu 种子发芽时，最先出来的是根，它往下钻进泥土吸水，也把种子固定住。之后嫩芽才往上长，叶子跟着出现。花要等植物长大很多以后才会开。例子：泡过水的红豆裂开时，看到的第一条白色小尾巴就是根。注意：不要以为绿色的叶子最先出现，它们是在根之后才长的。

what comes out first = apa keluar dahulu When a seed germinates, the root comes out first. It pushes down into the soil to take in water and to hold the seed in place. Only after that does the shoot grow upward with its leaves. Flowers appear much later, when the plant is bigger. Example: when a soaked red bean splits open, the first little white tail you see is the root. Watch out: the green leaves are not first; they come after the root.

Cara 2

Anak pokok

Tumbuh di sebelah pokok induk

Pokok pisang

anak pokok muncul di sekeliling pangkal pokok induk

Nanas

anak pokok tumbuh di tepi pokok induk

Serai

rumpun serai bertambah dengan anak pokok baharu

Pokok induk → anak pokok di pangkalnya → pisahkan dan tanam

吸芽小苗 = anak pokok；母株 = pokok induk；根部 = pangkal 有些植物会在母株根部旁边长出新的小苗。香蕉树底下常常围着几棵小香蕉树；黄梨和香茅也会从旁边冒出新苗。等小苗长大一些，农夫就把它连根分开，种到别的地方。例子：伯伯从老香蕉树旁挖出一棵小苗，种在篱笆边，一年后也结了香蕉。注意：anak pokok 是从母株旁边长出来的，不是从种子长出来的。

sucker / young plant = anak pokok; parent plant = pokok induk; base = pangkal Some plants grow new young plants right next to the base of the parent plant. A banana plant often has several small banana plants around it, and pineapple and lemongrass send up new shoots at the side too. When a young plant is big enough, the farmer separates it with its roots and plants it somewhere else. Example: Uncle digs out a small banana plant beside the old one and plants it by the fence; a year later it bears bananas too. Watch out: an anak pokok grows from beside the parent plant, not from a seed.

Cara 3

Batang bawah tanah

Batang yang tersimpan di dalam tanah

Rizom

halia, kunyit

Tuber

kentang

Bebawang

bawang merah, bawang besar

Umbisi

keladi

Batang bawah tanah menyimpan makanan dan menumbuhkan pucuk baharu.

地下茎 = batang bawah tanah；根状茎 = rizom；块茎 = tuber；鳞茎 = bebawang；球茎 = umbisi 有些植物的茎长在泥土里面，里面储存了养分，可以长出新的芽。它分四类：姜和黄姜是根状茎，马铃薯是块茎，洋葱和小红葱是鳞茎，芋头是球茎。把它们埋进土里，新芽就会冒出来。例子：厨房里放太久的马铃薯，表面的小凹点会长出芽，这些芽能长成新植物。注意：它们虽然长在土里，却是“茎”，不是根。

underground stem = batang bawah tanah; rhizome = rizom; tuber = tuber; bulb = bebawang; corm = umbisi Some plants have stems that grow inside the soil. These stems store food and can grow new shoots. There are four kinds: ginger and turmeric are rhizomes, potato is a tuber, onion and shallot are bulbs, and yam (keladi) is a corm. Bury them in soil and new shoots come up. Example: a potato left too long in the kitchen grows shoots from its little dents, and each shoot can become a new plant. Watch out: although they grow underground, these are stems, not roots.

Cuba

Ibu menanam seketul halia di dalam pasu. Halia membiak melalui …

姜的繁殖 = pembiakan halia 我们在菜市场买的那块姜，是长在泥土里的根状茎（rizom），属于地下茎。把它埋进花盆，过一段时间就会长出绿色的芽。它不是种子，也不是从母株旁边分出来的小苗。例子：黄姜（kunyit）也是一样，把一小块埋进土里就会长成新的植物。注意：姜块看起来像根，但其实是茎。

how ginger reproduces = pembiakan halia The piece of ginger we buy at the market is a rhizome that grows in the soil, so it is an underground stem. Bury it in a pot and after a while green shoots appear. It is not a seed, and it is not a young plant split off from beside a parent. Example: turmeric works the same way; bury a small piece in soil and it grows into a new plant. Watch out: a ginger piece looks like a root, but it is really a stem.

Cara 4

Keratan batang

Potong sebahagian batang dan tanam

Potong sebatang dahan

Cucuk ke dalam tanah lembap

Siram setiap hari

Akar dan pucuk baharu tumbuh

Contoh: ubi kayu · bunga raya · bunga kertas · keledek

茎插枝 = keratan batang；剪 = potong；插 = cucuk 有些植物只要剪下一段枝条，插进湿润的泥土里，每天浇水，几天后切口附近就会长出新根，枝条上也会冒出新芽，变成一棵新植物。木薯、大红花、九重葛和番薯都可以这样种。例子：邻居剪了一段大红花的枝条送给妈妈，妈妈插在花盆里，一个月后开了花。注意：插枝用的是“茎”，不是叶子；泥土要保持湿润，太干就长不出根。

stem cutting = keratan batang; cut = potong; push in = cucuk For some plants you only need to cut off a piece of stem, push it into damp soil and water it every day. After a few days new roots grow near the cut end and new shoots appear, making a new plant. Tapioca, hibiscus, bougainvillea and sweet potato can all be grown like this. Example: a neighbour gives Mother a hibiscus stem; she pushes it into a pot and a month later it flowers. Watch out: a cutting is a piece of stem, not a leaf, and the soil must stay damp or no roots will form.

Cara 5

Daun

Anak pokok tumbuh dari daun

Setawar

anak pokok kecil tumbuh di tepi daun

Begonia

daun yang diletakkan di atas tanah lembap menumbuhkan anak pokok

Lidah jin

sekeping daun yang ditanam boleh menjadi pokok baharu

叶子繁殖 = pembiakan melalui daun；叶缘 = tepi daun 有些植物的叶子本身就能长出新植物。落地生根（setawar）的叶子边缘会长出一排小苗；秋海棠的叶子平放在湿土上，也会长出小植物；虎尾兰（lidah jin）剪一片叶子插进土里，也能变成新的一棵。例子：阿婆把一片落地生根的叶子放在窗台的湿泥上，几天后叶边长出好几棵小苗。注意：大多数植物的叶子掉了就会枯萎，只有少数植物能用叶子繁殖。

reproduction by leaf = pembiakan melalui daun; leaf edge = tepi daun The leaves of a few plants can grow new plants by themselves. The leaf of the setawar plant grows a row of tiny plants along its edge; a begonia leaf laid flat on damp soil grows small plants too; and a single leaf of the snake plant (lidah jin) pushed into soil can become a whole new plant. Example: Granny lays a setawar leaf on damp soil by the window, and a few days later several tiny plants appear along its edge. Watch out: most leaves simply wither when they fall; only a few plants reproduce by leaf.

Cara 6

Spora

Spora sangat halus dan ringan

Cendawan

spora keluar dari bahagian bawah payungnya

Paku-pakis

titik-titik perang di bawah daun mengandungi spora

Lumut

tumbuh di tempat yang lembap dan teduh

Spora + angin + tempat lembap → tumbuhan baharu

孢子 = spora；风 = angin；潮湿 = lembap 有些生物靠孢子繁殖。孢子非常细小、很轻，像灰尘一样，风一吹就飘到很远的地方。落在潮湿地方的孢子会长成新的个体。菇类伞盖下面会放出孢子，蕨类叶子背面的褐色小点里装着孢子，青苔也靠孢子繁殖。例子：雨季过后，树林里潮湿的木头上忽然冒出很多小菇。注意：菇类不是绿色植物，不会制造自己的食物，但在这一课里也学它用孢子繁殖。

spore = spora; wind = angin; damp = lembap Some living things reproduce by spores. Spores are very tiny and light, like dust, so the wind carries them far away. Spores that land in a damp place grow into new living things. A mushroom releases spores from under its cap, the brown dots under a fern leaf hold spores, and moss uses spores too. Example: after the rainy season, lots of little mushrooms suddenly appear on damp logs in the forest. Watch out: a mushroom is not a green plant and cannot make its own food, but in this unit we still learn that it reproduces by spores.

Cuba

Ali nampak titik-titik perang di bawah daun paku-pakis. Titik-titik itu mengandungi …

蕨类叶背的褐点 = titik perang di bawah daun paku-pakis 蕨类植物不开花，也不结种子。它叶子背面那一排排褐色小点里面装满了孢子。孢子成熟后散出来，被风带走，落在潮湿的地方就会长出新的蕨。例子：翻开山边的蕨叶，用手指轻轻一碰褐点，会掉下像咖啡粉一样的细粉，那就是孢子。注意：这些褐点不是生病，也不是虫卵。

brown dots under a fern leaf = titik perang di bawah daun paku-pakis Ferns have no flowers and make no seeds. The rows of brown dots under the leaf are full of spores. When ripe, the spores are released and carried by the wind, and where they land in a damp place new ferns grow. Example: turn over a fern leaf on a hillside and touch a brown dot; a fine powder like ground coffee falls off, and that powder is spores. Watch out: the dots are not a disease and not insect eggs.

Padankan

Tumbuhan dan cara pembiakannya

配对繁殖方式 = padankan cara pembiakan 香蕉树旁边会长小苗，所以配 anak pokok；马铃薯是块茎，配地下茎；落地生根的叶子会长苗，配 daun；菇类放出孢子，配 spora；木薯剪一段茎就能种，配 keratan batang；玉米粒就是种子，配 biji benih。例子：如果再加一个“姜”，它要配地下茎，因为它是根状茎。注意：先想这种植物农夫平常用哪一部分来种，就容易配对。

matching ways of reproduction = padankan cara pembiakan Banana plants grow young plants at the side, so they match anak pokok. Potato is a tuber, so it matches underground stem. The setawar leaf grows tiny plants, so it matches daun. Mushrooms release spores. Tapioca grows from a piece of stem, so it matches keratan batang. Corn kernels are seeds, so corn matches biji benih. Example: if ginger were added, it would match underground stem because it is a rhizome. Watch out: think about which part farmers usually plant, and the matching becomes easy.

Cuba

Encik Ravi mahu menanam bunga raya dengan cepat tanpa biji benih. Apakah yang patut dia lakukan?

大红花怎样种 = cara menanam bunga raya 大红花最常用的种法是插枝：剪一段健康的枝条，插进湿润的泥土，保持湿润，过一阵子就长根长芽。把花朵放在干土上，花只会枯掉；把叶子埋进干沙也长不出新植物。例子：学校园丁把修剪下来的大红花枝条插进花圃，几星期后就长出新叶。注意：泥土一定要湿，干的泥土或干沙都不行。

how to grow hibiscus = cara menanam bunga raya The usual way to grow hibiscus is from a stem cutting: cut a healthy piece of stem, push it into damp soil and keep it moist, and after a while roots and shoots appear. A flower laid on dry soil just wilts, and a leaf buried in dry sand will not grow a new plant. Example: the school gardener pushes trimmed hibiscus stems into a flower bed, and a few weeks later new leaves appear. Watch out: the soil must be damp; dry soil or dry sand will not work.

Cuba

Tumbuhan manakah membiak melalui anak pokok?

哪种植物靠吸芽小苗繁殖 = tumbuhan yang membiak melalui anak pokok 黄梨的母株旁边会长出新的小苗，可以分开另外种，所以它靠 anak pokok 繁殖。菇类用孢子，黄姜用地下茎（根状茎），都不对。例子：黄梨园的农夫会把母株旁的小苗拔出来，种成新的一行。注意：黄姜也长在土里，但它是地下茎，不是从母株旁冒出的小苗。

which plant uses young side plants = tumbuhan yang membiak melalui anak pokok A pineapple plant grows new young plants beside it, and these can be separated and planted, so it reproduces through anak pokok. Mushrooms use spores and turmeric uses an underground stem (a rhizome), so neither is correct. Example: pineapple farmers pull out the young plants beside the parent and plant them in a new row. Watch out: turmeric also grows in the soil, but it is an underground stem, not a young plant beside the parent.

Ringkasan

Syabas!

6 cara pembiakan

Tumbuhan membiak melalui biji benih, anak pokok, batang bawah tanah, keratan batang, daun dan spora supaya tidak pupus.

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