Unit 2

Kegigian Haiwan

Di muzium sains, Hafiz melihat tengkorak harimau dan tengkorak kambing. Gigi kedua-duanya sangat berbeza!
Mengapa? Mari kaji kegigian haiwan dan kaitannya dengan makanan haiwan.

动物的牙齿 = kegigian haiwan；头骨 = tengkorak Hafiz 在科学博物馆看到老虎和山羊的头骨，两者的牙齿差别很大。为什么呢？因为它们吃的东西不同。这一课比较肉食、草食和杂食动物的牙齿，看看牙齿的形状怎样配合它们的食物。例子：老虎要撕开猎物的肉，山羊要整天嚼草，所以牙齿长得不一样。注意：kegigian 指整副牙齿的种类和排列，不是只指一颗牙。

dentition = kegigian haiwan; skull = tengkorak At the science museum Hafiz sees the skulls of a tiger and a goat, and their teeth look very different. Why? Because they eat different food. In this lesson we compare the teeth of carnivores, herbivores and omnivores and see how the shape of the teeth suits their food. Example: a tiger must tear meat from its prey, while a goat chews grass all day, so their teeth grow differently. Watch out: kegigian means the whole set of teeth, their types and arrangement, not just one tooth.

Jenis gigi

Tiga jenis gigi haiwan

Sama seperti gigi manusia

gigi kacip

di hadapan · memotong tumbuh-tumbuhan atau daging

gigi taring

tajam dan runcing · mengoyakkan daging

gigi geraham

di belakang · mengunyah dan melumatkan makanan

门牙 = gigi kacip；犬齿 = gigi taring；臼齿 = gigi geraham；撕开 = mengoyakkan；磨碎 = melumatkan 很多动物跟人一样有三种牙齿。门牙在前面，用来切断植物或肉；犬齿又尖又利，用来撕开肉；臼齿在后面，用来咀嚼、把食物磨碎。不同动物这三种牙齿的大小和形状不一样。例子：兔子用门牙一下就把红萝卜咬断。注意：不是每种动物三种牙齿都有，有的动物没有犬齿。

incisor = gigi kacip; canine = gigi taring; molar = gigi geraham; tear = mengoyakkan; grind = melumatkan Like humans, many animals have three types of teeth. Incisors at the front cut plants or meat; sharp, pointed canines tear meat; molars at the back chew and grind food. The size and shape of these teeth differ from animal to animal. Example: a rabbit snaps a carrot in one bite with its incisors. Watch out: not every animal has all three types; some animals have no canines.

Cuba

Gigi manakah digunakan oleh harimau untuk mengoyakkan daging?

撕肉用的牙 = gigi untuk mengoyak daging 老虎用又长又尖的犬齿咬住猎物、把肉撕开。臼齿在后面，用来把肉切碎、咀嚼；门牙小小的，在最前面。例子：狗啃骨头上的肉时，也是用犬齿去扯。注意：“撕”就是 mengoyakkan，看到这个词就想到犬齿。

the tooth for tearing meat = gigi untuk mengoyak daging A tiger grips its prey and tears the meat with its long, pointed canines. The molars at the back cut and chew the meat, and the small incisors sit right at the front. Example: a dog pulling meat off a bone uses its canines too. Watch out: whenever you see mengoyakkan, think of the canines.

Kegigian haiwan

Bandingkan tiga kegigian

Lihat bentuk gigi setiap kumpulan

比较牙齿 = bandingkan kegigian 动画第一排是老虎（肉食）：犬齿最长最尖，会闪一下提醒你；臼齿也是尖的，可以切肉。第二排是山羊（草食）：没有犬齿，门牙利，用来切草；臼齿又宽又平，像磨石一样把草磨碎。第三排是猴子（杂食）：门牙、犬齿、臼齿都有，大小中等，什么都能吃。例子：马也是草食动物，它的臼齿又大又平。注意：草食动物“没有犬齿”是分辨它们的好方法。

comparing dentition = bandingkan kegigian The first row of the animation is a tiger, a carnivore: its canines are the longest and sharpest and flash to catch your eye, and its molars are pointed for slicing meat. The second row is a goat, a herbivore: it has no canines, sharp incisors to cut grass, and wide, flat molars that grind grass like millstones. The third row is a monkey, an omnivore: it has incisors, canines and molars of medium size and can eat many things. Example: a horse is a herbivore too, with large, flat molars. Watch out: having no canines is a handy way to spot a herbivore.

Kegigian haiwan

Jadual perbandingan

Gigi sepadan dengan makanan

	karnivor	herbivor	omnivor
kacip	kecil	tajam, memotong	ada
taring	panjang, tajam	tiada	ada
geraham	tajam	lebar, rata	ada
contoh	harimau, singa	kambing, lembu	monyet, manusia

比较表 = jadual perbandingan 表格整理三种动物的牙齿。肉食：门牙小，犬齿又长又尖，臼齿尖。草食：门牙利，用来切植物，没有犬齿，臼齿宽而平。杂食：三种牙齿都有，大小适中。最后一行是例子。例子：人类是杂食，我们也有门牙、犬齿和臼齿，所以饭、菜、肉都能吃。注意：看表要横着读一种牙，也要竖着读一种动物。

comparison table = jadual perbandingan The table sums up the teeth of the three groups. Carnivores: small incisors, long sharp canines and pointed molars. Herbivores: sharp incisors for cutting plants, no canines, and wide, flat molars. Omnivores: all three types, of medium size. The last row gives examples. Example: humans are omnivores; we have incisors, canines and molars, so we can eat rice, vegetables and meat. Watch out: read across a row for one type of tooth and down a column for one group of animals.

Padankan

Kumpulan dan kegigiannya

类别与牙齿 = kumpulan dan kegigian 肉食动物吃肉，需要又长又尖的犬齿来撕肉；草食动物整天嚼植物，需要宽平的臼齿来磨碎，也不需要犬齿；杂食动物什么都吃，所以三种牙齿都有。例子：一颗又宽又平的大臼齿，最可能来自牛或马。注意：先想“它吃什么”，再想“需要什么牙”，就不会配错。

groups and their teeth = kumpulan dan kegigian Carnivores eat meat and need long, sharp canines to tear it. Herbivores chew plants all day and need wide, flat molars to grind them, with no need for canines. Omnivores eat everything, so they have all three types. Example: a big, wide, flat molar most likely came from a cow or a horse. Watch out: first ask what the animal eats, then ask what teeth it needs, and you will match correctly.

Cuba

Sebuah tengkorak mempunyai gigi taring yang panjang dan tajam. Tengkorak itu milik haiwan …

看头骨猜类别 = teka daripada tengkorak 又长又尖的犬齿是用来撕肉的，所以这个头骨属于肉食动物，例如老虎、狮子。草食动物没有犬齿；杂食动物虽然有犬齿，但通常没有这么长。例子：科学家在博物馆看到长獠牙的头骨，就知道这只动物生前吃肉。注意：题目说“又长又尖”，重点在长度，不是只说“有犬齿”。

guessing the group from a skull = teka daripada tengkorak Long, sharp canines are for tearing meat, so this skull belongs to a carnivore such as a tiger or a lion. Herbivores have no canines, and omnivores do have canines but usually not such long ones. Example: when museum scientists see a skull with long fangs, they know the animal ate meat when alive. Watch out: the question says long and sharp; the key point is the length, not just having canines.

Cuba

Lembu mempunyai gigi geraham yang lebar dan rata. Apakah kegunaannya?

牛的臼齿 = geraham lembu 牛是草食动物，吃草。它的臼齿又宽又平，像磨石一样，把草左右磨来磨去，磨成碎碎的，比较容易消化。撕肉是肉食动物犬齿的工作；牛也不抓鱼。例子：你可以看到牛躺着时嘴巴一直在左右动，那就是在磨草。注意：宽平的牙＝磨，尖长的牙＝撕。

a cow's molars = geraham lembu A cow is a herbivore that eats grass. Its molars are wide and flat like millstones, grinding the grass from side to side into small bits that are easier to digest. Tearing meat is the job of a carnivore's canines, and cows do not catch fish. Example: a resting cow keeps moving its jaw from side to side; it is grinding grass. Watch out: wide, flat teeth grind; long, pointed teeth tear.

Fikir

Jika gigi tidak sepadan?

Bayangkan haiwan bertukar gigi

🐐 Kambing + gigi harimau → sukar melumatkan rumput → lapar, lemah

🦁 Singa + gigi lembu → tiada taring → sukar mengoyakkan daging

Kegigian haiwan sepadan dengan makanannya.

牙齿不配合会怎样 = jika gigi tidak sepadan；预测 = meramal 想象山羊长了老虎的牙：犬齿很长，但臼齿是尖的、不平，它很难把草磨碎，可能会吃不饱、变虚弱。再想象狮子长了牛的牙：没有犬齿，它很难撕开猎物的肉。所以动物的牙齿一定跟它的食物互相配合。例子：如果猴子没有臼齿，它吃坚果、果实时就很难咬碎。注意：做预测题要说出“很难做什么”，再说“结果会怎样”。

if teeth do not match = jika gigi tidak sepadan; predict = meramal Imagine a goat with a tiger's teeth: long canines but pointed, uneven molars, so it struggles to grind grass and may stay hungry and weak. Now imagine a lion with a cow's teeth: with no canines, it struggles to tear meat from its prey. So an animal's teeth always suit its food. Example: if a monkey had no molars, it would find it hard to crush nuts and fruit. Watch out: in prediction questions, say what becomes hard to do, and then what happens as a result.

KBAT

Jika seekor harimau tidak mempunyai gigi taring, apakah yang mungkin berlaku?

老虎没有犬齿 = harimau tanpa taring 犬齿是肉食动物撕肉的工具。老虎没有犬齿，就很难咬住猎物、撕开肉，会常常吃不饱。它不会因此改吃草，因为它的身体是适合吃肉的；没有犬齿也不会吃得更快。例子：年老掉了牙的狮子，捕猎和进食都变得很困难。注意：推理时要连到这颗牙原本的功用。

a tiger without canines = harimau tanpa taring Canines are a carnivore's tools for tearing meat. Without them a tiger struggles to grip prey and tear meat, so it often goes hungry. It would not switch to eating grass, because its body is built for meat, and losing canines would not make it eat faster. Example: an old lion that has lost its teeth finds both hunting and eating very hard. Watch out: when reasoning, link the answer to what that tooth normally does.

Fikir

Ayam ialah omnivor tetapi tidak mempunyai gigi. Pernyataan manakah betul?

没有牙齿的鸡 = ayam tidak bergigi 鸡是杂食动物，但它没有牙齿，用嘴喙啄食物，整颗吞下，再在身体里把食物磨碎。所以不是所有动物都有牙齿，也不是所有杂食动物都有犬齿。鸡吃谷物和虫，不是只吃肉。例子：鸽子、鸭子等鸟类也都没有牙齿。注意：不要以为杂食动物一定有一整套门牙、犬齿和臼齿。

a chicken with no teeth = ayam tidak bergigi A chicken is an omnivore, yet it has no teeth. It pecks food with its beak, swallows it whole and grinds it up inside its body. So not every animal has teeth, and not every omnivore has canines. Chickens eat grain and worms, not only meat. Example: pigeons, ducks and other birds have no teeth either. Watch out: do not assume every omnivore has a full set of incisors, canines and molars.

Cuba

Orang utan mempunyai gigi kacip, taring dan geraham yang sederhana. Ia ialah …

红毛猩猩 = orang utan 红毛猩猩门牙、犬齿、臼齿都有，大小适中，可以吃水果、叶子，也会吃昆虫和鸟蛋，所以是杂食动物。肉食动物的犬齿特别长；草食动物没有犬齿。例子：沙巴的红毛猩猩最爱吃榴莲、无花果，有时也吃白蚁。注意：看到“三种牙齿都有、大小适中”，就想到杂食。

the orang utan = orang utan An orang utan has incisors, canines and molars of medium size. It eats fruit and leaves and also insects and bird eggs, so it is an omnivore. Carnivores have extra-long canines, and herbivores have no canines. Example: orang utans in Sabah love durians and figs, and sometimes eat termites too. Watch out: all three tooth types of medium size point to an omnivore.

Ringkasan

Syabas!

gigi sepadan dengan makanan

Karnivor: taring panjang dan tajam untuk mengoyakkan daging. Herbivor: kacip tajam, geraham lebar dan rata, tiada taring. Omnivor: ada kacip, taring dan geraham.

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