Unit 6

Pencernaan Makanan dan Tabiat Makan

Aina makan sepotong roti sandwic telur pada waktu rehat. Selepas ditelan, roti itu memulakan perjalanan panjang di dalam badannya.
Apakah yang berlaku di perut dan usus? Tabiat makan apakah yang mengganggu pencernaan? Kita juga akan mengulang kaji topik Manusia.

食物消化 = pencernaan makanan；饮食习惯 = tabiat makan；复习 = mengulang kaji Aina 休息时间吃了一块鸡蛋三明治。吞下去以后，三明治在她身体里开始一段很长的旅程。这一课看看胃和肠子里发生什么事，哪些吃东西的坏习惯会妨碍消化，最后把“人类”这个单元的牙齿、食物和消化一起复习。例子：三明治里的面包、蛋和生菜，最后都会变成身体用得到的养分。注意：吃东西的方法不对，再好的食物也可能让肚子不舒服。

digestion of food = pencernaan makanan; eating habits = tabiat makan; revise = mengulang kaji Aina eats an egg sandwich at recess. Once swallowed, the sandwich starts a long journey inside her body. In this lesson we see what happens in the stomach and the intestines, which bad eating habits disturb digestion, and finally revise the whole Human topic: teeth, food and digestion. Example: the bread, egg and lettuce in the sandwich all end up as nutrients the body can use. Watch out: even good food can upset the stomach if we eat it the wrong way.

Pencernaan makanan

Apa berlaku selepas esofagus?

Ikut perjalanan sandwic Aina

胃 = perut；肠 = usus；养分 = nutrien；吸收 = serap；粪便 = tinja；排出 = singkir 动画跟着 Aina 的三明治走：在胃里，食物被搅拌、消化，变得像粥一样；接着进入肠，食物再被消化，养分被吸收进血液，送到全身；剩下没用的渣变成粪便，最后从肛门排出。例子：三明治里蛋的蛋白质，就是在肠里被吸收，再随血液去帮身体成长。注意：养分是在肠里被吸收的，不是在胃里。

stomach = perut; intestine = usus; nutrient = nutrien; absorb = serap; faeces = tinja; get rid of = singkir The animation follows Aina's sandwich. In the stomach, food is churned and digested until it is like porridge. Then it moves into the intestine, where it is digested further and nutrients are absorbed into the blood, which carries them all over the body. The leftover waste becomes faeces and leaves through the anus. Example: the protein from the egg is absorbed in the intestine and travels in the blood to help the body grow. Watch out: nutrients are absorbed in the intestine, not in the stomach.

Usus

Usus menyerap nutrien

Saluran yang panjang dan berlingkar

Usus

panjang, berlingkar · nutrien diserap ke dalam darah

Sisa makanan

air diserap · sisa menjadi tinja

Dubur

tinja disingkirkan dari badan

Jika badan tidak menyingkirkan tinja, perut berasa tidak selesa.

肠 = usus；血液 = darah；粪便 = tinja 肠是一条非常长的管子，弯弯曲曲地盘在肚子里。肠壁把养分吸收进血液，血液再把养分送到全身；水分也会被吸收。没有被消化的渣就变成粪便，从肛门排出。例子：肠很长，要盘起来才放得进肚子，就像长长的水管要卷起来收好。注意：粪便如果一直排不出来，肚子会很不舒服。

intestine = usus; blood = darah; faeces = tinja The intestine is a very long tube coiled up inside the belly. Its walls absorb nutrients into the blood, and the blood carries them around the body; water is absorbed too. The undigested leftovers become faeces and leave through the anus. Example: the intestine is so long that it must be coiled to fit in the belly, like a long hose rolled up for storage. Watch out: if faeces cannot be passed out, the belly feels very uncomfortable.

Padankan

Organ dan tindakannya

器官与作用 = organ dan tindakan 按食物的路线想：食道把食物从嘴巴送到胃；胃把食物捣成像粥一样；肠把养分吸收进血液；肛门把粪便排出。例子：喝完一碗汤，汤先经过食道到胃，再到肠，汤里的养分在肠里被吸收。注意：食道只是通道，吸收养分的是肠。

organs and what they do = organ dan tindakan Follow the food route: the oesophagus carries food from the mouth to the stomach; the stomach mashes food until it is like porridge; the intestine absorbs nutrients into the blood; the anus passes out the faeces. Example: a bowl of soup goes down the oesophagus to the stomach, then to the intestine, where its nutrients are absorbed. Watch out: the oesophagus is only a passage; the intestine is where nutrients are absorbed.

Cuba

Di manakah nutrien diserap masuk ke dalam darah?

养分在哪里吸收 = di mana nutrien diserap 养分是在肠里被吸收进血液的。肠很长，又弯来弯去，食物在里面慢慢走，养分就有足够时间被吸收。食道只是送食物的通道；肛门是排出粪便的地方。例子：一杯牛奶里的钙质，也是在肠里被身体吸收的。注意：吸收养分要靠又长又弯的肠，不是食物经过的每个地方都会吸收。

where nutrients are absorbed = di mana nutrien diserap Nutrients pass into the blood in the intestine. It is long and winding, so food moves through it slowly and there is time to absorb the nutrients. The oesophagus is only a passage, and the anus is where faeces leave the body. Example: the calcium in a glass of milk is also absorbed by the body in the intestine. Watch out: absorbing nutrients needs the long, winding intestine; not every place food passes absorbs it.

Cuba

Sisa makanan yang tidak dicernakan akhirnya menjadi …

没被消化的残渣 = sisa tidak dicernakan 身体用不到、没办法消化的部分，在肠里被吸走水分以后，就变成粪便，从肛门排出。口水是嘴巴分泌的；养分是已经被吸收、身体要用的东西，不是渣。例子：吃玉米时，有些很硬的外皮没有被消化，会跟着粪便排出来。注意：粪便是“剩下的”，养分是“留下来用的”，两者相反。

undigested leftovers = sisa tidak dicernakan The parts the body cannot digest or use lose their water in the intestine, become faeces and leave through the anus. Saliva is made in the mouth, and nutrients are the useful parts the body has already absorbed, not waste. Example: some tough corn skins are not digested and pass out with the faeces. Watch out: faeces are what is left over, while nutrients are what the body keeps; they are opposites.

Tabiat makan

Perbuatan yang mengganggu pencernaan

Elakkan perbuatan ini

bercakap / ketawa sambil makan

→ tersedak

makan terlalu cepat, tidak mengunyah

→ tercekik

berlari sejurus selepas makan

→ sakit perut atau muntah

makan terlalu banyak sekaligus

→ perut sakit dan kembung

Duduk, kunyah perlahan-lahan, dan rehat sebentar selepas makan.

呛到 = tersedak；噎住 = tercekik；呕吐 = muntah；肚子痛 = sakit perut 有些吃东西时的做法会妨碍消化。边吃边说话或大笑，食物可能跑错路，会呛到。吃得太快、没嚼就吞，大块食物会卡住喉咙。刚吃饱就跑跳，肚子会痛，甚至呕吐。一次吃太多，肚子会胀痛。例子：午餐后马上去踢球，跑没多久肚子就绞痛。注意：好习惯是坐下来、慢慢嚼，吃完休息一下再活动。

choke on (cough) = tersedak; choke (blocked) = tercekik; vomit = muntah; stomach ache = sakit perut Some things we do while eating disturb digestion. Talking or laughing while eating can send food the wrong way and make us choke and cough. Eating too fast without chewing can let a big piece get stuck in the throat. Running right after a meal can cause a stomach ache or even vomiting. Eating too much at once makes the stomach bloated and sore. Example: rushing off to play football just after lunch soon brings on a cramp in the belly. Watch out: the good habit is to sit down, chew slowly and rest a little before moving about.

Situasi

Farid ketawa terbahak-bahak semasa mengunyah nasi. Tiba-tiba dia terbatuk-batuk. Apakah yang berlaku?

边笑边吃 = ketawa sambil makan Farid 嘴里有饭还大笑，饭粒差点跑进呼吸的管道，所以他一直咳嗽，这就是呛到。便秘是大便排不出；肥胖是长期吃太多油和糖，都不会在大笑的那一刻发生。例子：喝水时被逗笑，水从鼻子喷出来，也是呛到。注意：吃完、吞下了再说话或笑。

laughing while eating = ketawa sambil makan Farid laughed hard with rice in his mouth, so some grains almost went down his breathing tube and he kept coughing; he choked. Constipation is trouble passing stools, and obesity builds up over a long time from too much fat and sugar; neither happens the moment you laugh. Example: being made to laugh while drinking can send water out through the nose, which is also choking. Watch out: swallow first, then talk or laugh.

Fikir

Selepas makan tengah hari, apakah yang patut dilakukan oleh Aina?

饭后做什么 = selepas makan 刚吃完饭，胃正在努力消化，最好坐下来休息、看看书。马上跑去球场会肚子痛或呕吐；已经吃饱还再吃一盘，会吃太多，肚子胀痛。例子：吃完午饭先坐二三十分钟，再去做运动。注意：休息不是指立刻躺下睡觉，安静地坐着就好。

after eating = selepas makan Right after a meal the stomach is busy digesting, so sitting down to rest or read is best. Rushing to the football field can cause a stomach ache or vomiting, and eating another full plate when already full means overeating and a sore, bloated stomach. Example: sit for twenty or thirty minutes after lunch before doing sports. Watch out: resting does not mean lying down to sleep at once; just sit quietly.

Santai Sains

Apron sistem pencernaan

Lukis laluan makanan pada apron

1Lukis mulut di bahagian atas apron.

2Lukis esofagus yang panjang ke bawah.

3Lukis perut seperti kantung.

4Lukis usus yang panjang dan berlingkar di tengah.

5Lukis dubur di hujung usus, warnakan dan labelkan.

围裙 = apron；画 = lukis；标签 = label 这是一个科学手工：在围裙上画出消化系统。先在上面画嘴巴，再往下画长长的食道，接着画像袋子的胃；中间画又长又弯来弯去的肠；最后在肠的尽头画肛门。每个器官涂不同颜色，再写上名字。例子：可以用粉红色画胃、黄色画肠，一眼就分得出来。注意：画的顺序就是食物走的顺序：mulut、esofagus、perut、usus、dubur，画完也正好复习一遍。

apron = apron; draw = lukis; label = label This is a science craft: drawing the digestive system on an apron. Draw the mouth at the top, then a long oesophagus going down, then a bag-shaped stomach. In the middle draw the long, coiled intestine, and finish with the anus at its end. Colour each organ differently and write its name. Example: use pink for the stomach and yellow for the intestine so they are easy to tell apart. Watch out: the drawing order is the same as the order food travels, mulut, esofagus, perut, usus, dubur, so drawing it is also revision.

Santai Sains

Organ manakah perlu dilukis berlingkar di tengah apron?

盘曲的器官 = organ berlingkar 肠非常长，要盘起来才放得进肚子里，所以画的时候要画成弯来弯去的样子。食道是一条直直的管子；胃像一个袋子，都不用盘起来。例子：一条长长的跳绳要卷起来才放得进小盒子，肠也是这样。注意：胃在肠的上面，先画胃再画肠。

the coiled organ = organ berlingkar The intestine is so long that it must be coiled up to fit inside the belly, so we draw it winding back and forth. The oesophagus is a straight tube and the stomach is like a bag; neither needs to coil. Example: a long skipping rope has to be coiled to fit in a small box, and the intestine is the same. Watch out: the stomach sits above the intestine, so draw the stomach first.

Ingat semula

Gigi manusia

Jenis, struktur dan dua set gigi

Jenis gigi

kacip memotong · taring mengoyak · geraham melumatkan

Struktur gigi

enamel (paling keras) · dentin · gusi · saraf · salur darah

Dua set gigi

gigi susu: 20 batang · gigi kekal: 32 batang, lebih kuat

Jaga gigi

gosok gigi, flos, berkumur, kurangkan gula, jumpa doktor gigi

门牙 = gigi kacip；犬齿 = gigi taring；臼齿 = gigi geraham；珐琅质 = enamel；牙本质 = dentin；牙龈 = gusi；神经 = saraf；血管 = salur darah 复习牙齿：门牙切，犬齿撕，臼齿磨碎。牙齿的结构有珐琅质（最外层、最硬）、牙本质、牙龈、神经和血管。乳牙一共 20 颗；恒牙一共 32 颗，比乳牙坚固，要用一辈子。照顾牙齿要刷牙、用牙线、漱口、少吃糖，定期看牙医。例子：咬一口苹果用门牙，撕鸡腿肉用犬齿，嚼饭用臼齿。注意：乳牙和恒牙都有门牙、犬齿和臼齿三种。

incisor = gigi kacip; canine = gigi taring; molar = gigi geraham; enamel = enamel; dentine = dentin; gum = gusi; nerve = saraf; blood vessel = salur darah Revising teeth: incisors cut, canines tear and molars grind food. A tooth has enamel (the outer, hardest layer), dentine, gums, nerves and blood vessels. The milk set has 20 teeth; the permanent set has 32, is stronger and must last a lifetime. Care for teeth by brushing, flossing, rinsing, eating less sugar and visiting the dentist. Example: bite an apple with the incisors, tear chicken with the canines and chew rice with the molars. Watch out: both the milk set and the permanent set have all three types: incisors, canines and molars.

Padankan

Jenis gigi dan fungsinya

牙齿与功用 = gigi dan fungsi 门牙在最前面，又薄又利，像刀一样切；犬齿尖尖的，用来撕；臼齿在后面，又宽又平，用来磨碎。看牙齿的形状，就猜得到它的工作。例子：吃黄瓜片时，前面的门牙一咬就断，这就是“切”。注意：“撕”和“磨碎”最容易配错，尖的撕，平的磨。

teeth and their jobs = gigi dan fungsi Incisors at the very front are thin and sharp and cut like a knife; canines are pointed and tear; molars at the back are wide and flat and grind. The shape of a tooth tells you its job. Example: biting a cucumber slice, the front incisors snap it cleanly; that is cutting. Watch out: tearing and grinding are the easiest to mix up; pointed teeth tear, flat teeth grind.

Ingat semula

Berapakah bilangan gigi dalam set gigi kekal?

恒牙的数目 = bilangan gigi kekal 恒牙一共 32 颗；乳牙一共 20 颗。小孩大约从六岁开始换牙，乳牙一颗颗掉，恒牙长出来，而且还会多长一些后面的臼齿。例子：你的哥哥姐姐如果已经长齐恒牙，可以数到 32 颗左右。注意：20 是乳牙的数目，不要搞混。

number of permanent teeth = bilangan gigi kekal The permanent set has 32 teeth, and the milk set has 20. From about six years old, milk teeth fall out one by one and permanent teeth grow in, with some extra molars at the back. Example: an older brother or sister with all permanent teeth will have about 32. Watch out: 20 is the number of milk teeth, so do not mix them up.

Ingat semula

Lapisan gigi manakah paling luar dan paling keras?

最外最硬的一层 = lapisan paling luar 珐琅质是牙齿最外面的一层，白白亮亮，是全身最硬的东西，保护里面的部分。牙本质在珐琅质里面；神经在最里面，感觉冷热和痛。例子：吃冰淇淋时牙齿会酸痛，可能是珐琅质被蛀，冷感传到了神经。注意：牙龈不是牙齿的一层，它是包住牙根的肉。

outermost, hardest layer = lapisan paling luar Enamel is the outer layer of a tooth, white and shiny, and the hardest material in the body; it protects the parts inside. Dentine lies beneath the enamel, and the nerve is deep inside, sensing heat, cold and pain. Example: if ice cream makes a tooth ache, the enamel may be damaged so the cold reaches the nerve. Watch out: the gum is not a layer of the tooth; it is the flesh around the tooth's root.

Ingat semula

Makanan dan pencernaan

Ringkasan topik Manusia

7 kelas makanan

karbohidrat, protein, lemak, vitamin, mineral, pelawas, air

Piramid Makanan

bijirin secukupnya · sayur, buah banyak · protein sederhana · lemak, gula, garam sedikit

Kesan tidak seimbang

obesiti · kerosakan gigi · sembelit

Aliran makanan

mulut → esofagus → perut → usus → dubur

复习食物与消化 = ingat semula makanan dan pencernaan 食物分七类。均衡饮食照马来西亚食物金字塔：谷物适量，蔬果多吃，蛋白质适中，油糖盐少吃。饮食不均衡会造成肥胖、蛀牙和便秘。食物的路线是嘴巴、食道、胃、肠、肛门。例子：一份椰浆饭里有饭、椰浆、蛋、黄瓜、花生和江鱼仔，可以拿来练习找出食物类别。注意：复习时多说一说“为什么”，例如为什么纤维能预防便秘。

revising food and digestion = ingat semula makanan dan pencernaan Food has seven classes. A balanced diet follows the Malaysian Food Pyramid: grains in enough amounts, plenty of vegetables and fruit, moderate protein, and a little fat, sugar and salt. An unbalanced diet can cause obesity, tooth decay and constipation. Food travels through the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestine and anus. Example: a plate of nasi lemak with rice, coconut milk, egg, cucumber, peanuts and anchovies is good practice for naming food classes. Watch out: when revising, keep asking why, such as why fibre prevents constipation.

Mari jawab

Dalam sepinggan nasi lemak, bahan manakah paling banyak lemak?

椰浆饭的脂肪 = lemak dalam nasi lemak 椰浆饭的饭是用椰浆煮的，椰浆含很多脂肪，所以这一样脂肪最多。黄瓜片主要是水、维生素和纤维；白煮蛋主要是蛋白质。例子：如果参巴是用很多油炒的，参巴也会有不少脂肪。注意：椰浆饭好吃，但脂肪多，属于要少吃的那一类，不宜天天吃。

fat in nasi lemak = lemak dalam nasi lemak The rice in nasi lemak is cooked in coconut milk, which is rich in fat, so it is the fattiest item. Cucumber slices are mostly water, vitamins and fibre, and a boiled egg is mainly protein. Example: if the sambal is fried in a lot of oil, it carries plenty of fat too. Watch out: nasi lemak is tasty but fatty, so it should not be eaten every day.

KBAT

Usus Pak Long tidak dapat menyerap nutrien dengan baik. Apakah kesannya kepada badannya?

推理题 = KBAT；无法吸收 = tidak dapat menyerap 肠的工作是把养分吸收进血液。如果肠吸收不好，养分到不了全身，身体就缺少能量和建材，会变得虚弱、没力气。牙齿变坚固变白、咀嚼都是嘴巴的事，跟肠无关。例子：吃得再多，如果养分吸收不进去，人还是会瘦弱。注意：做推理题时，先想这个器官原本负责什么，再想它坏了会少掉什么。

higher-order question = KBAT; cannot absorb = tidak dapat menyerap The intestine's job is to absorb nutrients into the blood. If it absorbs poorly, nutrients do not reach the body, so the body lacks energy and building material and becomes weak and tired. Stronger, whiter teeth and chewing belong to the mouth and have nothing to do with the intestine. Example: however much a person eats, they stay thin and weak if the nutrients are not absorbed. Watch out: for reasoning questions, first recall what the organ normally does, then ask what goes missing when it fails.

Ringkasan

Syabas!

nutrien diserap di usus · tinja keluar melalui dubur

Perut menghancurkan makanan, usus menyerap nutrien dan air. Jangan bercakap, makan gelojoh atau berlari selepas makan. Topik Manusia: gigi, makanan dan pencernaan.

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