Unit 5
Proses Pencernaan
Hakim menggigit sekeping biskut keras. Selepas dikunyah, biskut itu menjadi lembut dan mudah ditelan. Ke manakah biskut itu pergi selepas ditelan?
Mari belajar tentang proses pencernaan dan urutan aliran makanan.
消化 = pencernaan；流动顺序 = urutan aliran；吞 = telan
Hakim 咬了一块硬饼干，嚼一嚼就变软，很容易吞下去。吞下去以后饼干去了哪里？这一课先看嘴巴里发生的事，再学食物在身体里经过哪些器官、按什么顺序走。
例子：一口饭从进嘴到最后变成大便排出，要经过五个部分。
注意：消化从嘴巴就开始了，不是到胃才开始。
digestion = pencernaan; order of flow = urutan aliran; swallow = telan
Hakim bites a hard biscuit; after chewing it becomes soft and easy to swallow. But where does the biscuit go after that? In this lesson we first look at what happens inside the mouth, then learn which organs food passes through and in what order.
Example: a mouthful of rice passes five body parts from the moment it enters the mouth until it leaves as waste.
Watch out: digestion already starts in the mouth, not only in the stomach.
Pencernaan
Apakah pencernaan?
Makanan besar → bahan kecil yang boleh diserap
Sebelum
makanan besar dan keras: nasi, ayam, sayur
Pencernaan
makanan dipecahkan sedikit demi sedikit
Selepas
bahan kecil yang boleh diserap oleh badan
消化 = pencernaan；分解 = memecahkan；吸收 = diserap
消化就是把大块、复杂的食物分解成很小、很简单的东西。食物变得够小，身体才能把它吸收进去，拿来长身体、产生能量。
例子：一整块鸡肉身体没办法直接用，要经过消化变成很小的养分才能被吸收。
注意：消化不是“把食物变不见”，而是把它变小，让身体用得到。
digestion = pencernaan; break down = memecahkan; absorb = diserap
Digestion is the process of breaking large, complex food into very small, simple substances. Only when food is small enough can the body absorb it and use it for growth and energy.
Example: the body cannot use a whole piece of chicken directly; digestion must turn it into tiny nutrients first.
Watch out: digestion does not make food disappear; it makes food small enough for the body to use.
Pencernaan di mulut
Gigi, lidah dan air liur
Lihat apa yang berlaku kepada biskut Hakim
gigi
mengunyah makanan menjadi cebisan kecil
air liur
melembutkan makanan
lidah
menggaulkan makanan dan menolaknya untuk ditelan
牙齿 = gigi；舌头 = lidah；口水 = air liur；碎块 = cebisan
消化在嘴巴里就开始了。动画里，硬饼干先被牙齿嚼成小碎块；口水把碎块弄湿、弄软；舌头把食物和口水拌在一起，揉成一小团，再把它往喉咙后面推，吞进食道。
例子：干面包嚼久一点，会感觉它变软、变湿，这就是口水在工作。
注意：舌头不会咬碎食物，咬碎是牙齿的工作。
teeth = gigi; tongue = lidah; saliva = air liur; small pieces = cebisan
Digestion begins in the mouth. In the animation the teeth chew the hard biscuit into small pieces, saliva wets and softens them, and the tongue mixes the food with saliva into a small ball and pushes it to the back of the throat to be swallowed into the oesophagus.
Example: chew dry bread for a while and you feel it turn soft and wet; that is saliva at work.
Watch out: the tongue does not grind food; chewing it into pieces is the teeth's job.
Padankan
Bahagian mulut dan fungsinya
嘴里各部分的功用 = fungsi bahagian mulut
牙齿硬，用来把食物嚼成碎块；口水湿湿的，用来把食物弄软；舌头会动，用来拌匀食物，再把它推去吞下。想一想哪一样是硬的、哪一样是湿的、哪一样会动。
例子：吃一口苹果，先是牙齿咬，口水让它变湿，最后舌头把它送去喉咙。
注意：把食物弄软的是口水，不是舌头。
jobs of the parts of the mouth = fungsi bahagian mulut
Teeth are hard and chew food into pieces; saliva is wet and softens food; the tongue moves, mixing the food and pushing it back to be swallowed. Think about which part is hard, which is wet and which can move.
Example: with a bite of apple, the teeth bite first, saliva wets it and finally the tongue sends it to the throat.
Watch out: it is saliva, not the tongue, that softens the food.
Fikir
Ibu menasihati Hakim supaya mengunyah makanan dengan lama sebelum menelan. Mengapa?
为什么要慢慢嚼 = mengapa kunyah lama
嚼得越久，食物被咬得越碎，也和更多口水混在一起，变得又小又软，容易吞下去，后面的消化也比较顺利。嚼久一点不会让口水停止，也不会让牙齿变长。
例子：大块的肉没嚼烂就吞，很容易卡在喉咙。
注意：嚼得快吞得急，是很多人噎到的原因。
why chew for longer = mengapa kunyah lama
The longer we chew, the finer the food becomes and the more saliva mixes in, so it turns small and soft, easy to swallow and easier to digest later. Chewing longer does not stop saliva and does not make teeth longer.
Example: swallowing a big piece of meat without chewing it well can make it stick in the throat.
Watch out: chewing fast and swallowing in a hurry is a common reason people choke.
Urutan aliran makanan
Laluan makanan dalam badan
Lima bahagian, satu arah sahaja
1mulut — makanan dikunyah
2esofagus — saluran dari mulut ke perut
3perut — makanan dihancurkan lagi
4usus — saluran yang panjang dan berlingkar
5dubur — tempat sisa makanan keluar
食物的路线 = laluan makanan；食道 = esofagus；胃 = perut；肠 = usus；肛门 = dubur
食物吞下去以后，只按一条路线往前走：嘴巴 → 食道 → 胃 → 肠 → 肛门。肠是一条很长、弯来弯去的管子，食物里有用的东西在这里被身体吸收，剩下的渣最后从肛门排出。
例子：可以把五个名字编成一句口诀：mulut、esofagus、perut、usus、dubur，每天念一遍来记。
注意：胃在肠的前面；食物要先到胃，才进入肠。
food route = laluan makanan; oesophagus = esofagus; stomach = perut; intestine = usus; anus = dubur
Once swallowed, food follows only one route: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestine, anus. The intestine is a very long, coiled tube where the useful parts of food are absorbed into the body; what is left finally leaves through the anus.
Example: turn the five names into a little chant, mulut, esofagus, perut, usus, dubur, and say it once a day to remember it.
Watch out: the stomach comes before the intestine; food reaches the stomach first.
Perjalanan makanan
Tekan nama organ mengikut urutan aliran makanan. Lihat makanan bergerak dalam badan.
食物的旅程 = perjalanan makanan；器官 = organ
按顺序点器官的名字，从食物进入身体的地方开始。点对了，图里的小圆点（食物）会移到那个器官，右边的清单也会写上名字；点错了会提示你想一想下一站。五个器官都要点完。
例子：第一个要点 mulut，因为食物从嘴巴进来。
注意：按钮的位置是打乱的，要靠记忆的顺序来点，不是从左到右。
food's journey = perjalanan makanan; organ = organ
Tap the organ names in order, starting where food enters the body. When you are right, the small dot standing for the food moves to that organ and the name appears in the list on the right; when you are wrong, a hint asks you to think of the next stop. Finish all five organs.
Example: the first tap is mulut, because food comes in through the mouth.
Watch out: the buttons are mixed up on purpose, so follow the order you remember, not left to right.
Semak makmal
Dalam makmal tadi, makanan bergerak ke manakah selepas esofagus?
食道之后 = selepas esofagus
食道是一条管子，把食物从嘴巴送到胃。所以食物离开食道，下一站就是胃。肠和肛门都在后面，要先经过胃才到。
例子：喝一口水，水经过食道，几秒钟就到了胃。
注意：食道只是通道，食物在那里不会被吸收。
after the oesophagus = selepas esofagus
The oesophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach, so the next stop after it is the stomach. The intestine and the anus come later, after the stomach.
Example: a sip of water runs down the oesophagus and reaches the stomach in a few seconds.
Watch out: the oesophagus is only a passage; food is not absorbed there.
Susun
Susun organ mengikut urutan aliran makanan.
排列顺序 = susun urutan
按食物走的顺序点卡片：mulut、esofagus、perut、usus、dubur。点错了可以按 Padam 重来。
例子：如果你把 usus 放在 perut 前面，就要重排，因为食物先到胃，才进入肠。
注意：五张卡都要用上，一张也不能漏。
putting in order = susun urutan
Tap the cards in the order food travels: mulut, esofagus, perut, usus, dubur. If you make a mistake, press Padam and start again.
Example: if you place usus before perut, rearrange it, because food reaches the stomach before the intestine.
Watch out: all five cards must be used; do not leave any out.
Cuba
Bahagian manakah tidak dilalui oleh makanan?
食物不经过的地方 = tidak dilalui makanan
肺是用来呼吸的器官，空气进出肺，食物不会去那里。食道和肠都在食物的路线上。
例子：如果吃东西时说话，食物差点跑错路，就会呛到咳嗽。
注意：喉咙后面有两条路，一条去肺（呼吸），一条是食道（食物）。
a part food does not pass = tidak dilalui makanan
The lungs are breathing organs; air goes in and out of them, but food never does. The oesophagus and the intestine are both on the food route.
Example: talking while eating can send food the wrong way for a moment, making us cough.
Watch out: at the back of the throat there are two paths, one to the lungs for air and the oesophagus for food.
Semak
Mira menulis: mulut → esofagus → perut → dubur. Apakah yang tertinggal?
漏了什么 = apa yang tertinggal
Mira 从胃直接跳到肛门，中间漏了肠（usus）。牙齿和舌头在嘴巴里，已经算在 mulut 里面；肝不是食物经过的路线。
例子：完整的写法是 mulut → esofagus → perut → usus → dubur。
注意：胃和肛门之间的肠是整条路线里最长的一段，有好几米长。
what is missing = apa yang tertinggal
Mira jumped straight from the stomach to the anus and left out the intestine (usus). The teeth and tongue are inside the mouth, which is already listed, and the liver is not on the food route at all.
Example: the full route is mulut, esofagus, perut, usus, dubur.
Watch out: the intestine between the stomach and the anus is the longest part of the route, several metres long.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
mulut → esofagus → perut → usus → dubur
Di mulut, gigi mengunyah, air liur melembutkan dan lidah menolak makanan untuk ditelan. Makanan bergerak mengikut satu urutan hingga ke dubur.
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