Unit 2
Gigi Susu, Gigi Kekal dan Penjagaan Gigi
Adakah gigi kamu pernah tanggal? Jangan risau! Gigi susu tanggal untuk memberi ruang kepada gigi kekal.
Kita juga belajar cara menjaga gigi supaya sihat.
乳牙 = gigi susu；恒牙 = gigi kekal；脱落 = tanggal
三年级的你们，可能已经掉过几颗牙了。不用担心，乳牙掉了，是为了让恒牙长出来。这一课比较乳牙和恒牙，再学习怎样照顾牙齿，以及牙医有哪些方法帮我们治疗牙齿。
例子：很多同学的门牙在六、七岁时开始摇动，然后掉下来。
注意：恒牙掉了就不会再长，所以一定要好好保护。
baby teeth = gigi susu; permanent teeth = gigi kekal; fall out = tanggal
At your age you may already have lost a few teeth. No need to worry: baby teeth fall out to make room for permanent teeth. This unit compares the two sets, then looks at caring for teeth and the treatments dentists use.
Example: many children's front teeth start to wobble and fall out at about six or seven.
Watch out: a lost permanent tooth never grows back, so look after them well.
Dua set gigi
Gigi susu dan gigi kekal
20 batang dan 32 batang
Gigi susu
20 batang · mula tumbuh ketika bayi kira-kira 6 bulan · lengkap pada umur kira-kira 3 tahun
Gigi kekal
32 batang · mula tumbuh pada umur kira-kira 6 tahun · lengkap pada umur kira-kira 21 tahun
一套 = set；颗 = batang
人的一生有两套牙齿。第一套是乳牙，共 20 颗，婴儿大约 6 个月大时开始长，大约 3 岁就长齐。第二套是恒牙，共 32 颗，大约 6 岁开始长出来，慢慢取代乳牙，大约 21 岁才全部长齐。
例子：小婴儿开始咬东西、流口水，常常是乳牙快要长出来了。
注意：年龄只是大约，每个孩子换牙的时间会早一点或晚一点。
set = set; counting word for teeth = batang
People have two sets of teeth in a lifetime. The first is baby teeth, 20 in all, which start to appear at about six months old and are complete by about three years old. The second is permanent teeth, 32 in all, which begin coming through at about six years old, gradually replace the baby teeth and are complete at about twenty-one years old.
Example: a baby who chews everything and drools a lot is often about to cut a first tooth.
Watch out: the ages are only rough; each child changes teeth a little earlier or later.
Dua set gigi
Gigi susu bertukar
Gigi kekal menolak dari bawah
摇动 = goyang；长出 = tumbuh；牙龈 = gusi
恒牙其实早就藏在牙龈里，就在乳牙的下面。恒牙慢慢长大往上推，乳牙就会松动、脱落，接着恒牙从同一个位置冒出来。动画中间那一格，就是乳牙离开、恒牙升上来的过程。
例子：乳牙掉了以后，牙龈上常常已经看得到一点点白色的新牙尖。
注意：松动的乳牙不要用力硬拔，让它自然脱落比较好。
wobbly = goyang; grow = tumbuh; gum = gusi
The permanent tooth is already hidden in the gum, right under the baby tooth. As it grows it pushes upward, the baby tooth loosens and falls out, and the permanent tooth appears in the same spot. The middle panel of the animation shows the baby tooth leaving and the new one rising.
Example: after a baby tooth falls out, you can often already see a white tip of the new tooth in the gum.
Watch out: do not yank out a wobbly baby tooth; it is better to let it come out naturally.
Bandingkan
Beza dan persamaan
Gigi susu lawan gigi kekal
| gigi susu | gigi kekal | |
|---|---|---|
| bilangan | 20 | 32 |
| lapisan enamel dan dentin | lebih nipis | lebih tebal |
| kekuatan | kurang kuat | lebih kuat |
| jangka hayat | pendek, akan tanggal | seumur hidup jika dijaga |
| jenis gigi | kacip · taring · geraham (sama) | |
寿命 = jangka hayat；薄 = nipis；厚 = tebal
乳牙 20 颗，牙釉质和牙本质（dentin）都比较薄，没那么坚固，用几年就会脱落。恒牙 32 颗，牙釉质和牙本质都较厚、比较坚固，好好照顾可以用一辈子。相同的地方是：两套牙齿都有门牙、犬齿和臼齿。恒牙多出来的 12 颗都是后面的臼齿。
例子：乳牙：门牙 8、犬齿 4、臼齿 8；恒牙：门牙 8、犬齿 4、臼齿 20。
注意：恒牙“kekal”是指不会再换新的，并不是说不会蛀坏。
lifespan = jangka hayat; thin = nipis; thick = tebal
Baby teeth number 20, with thinner enamel and dentine; they are less strong and fall out after a few years. Permanent teeth number 32, with thicker enamel and dentine; they are stronger and can last a lifetime with good care. In common, both sets have incisors, canines and molars. The 12 extra permanent teeth are all molars at the back.
Example: baby set: 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars; permanent set: 8 incisors, 4 canines, 20 molars.
Watch out: kekal means the tooth is not replaced again, not that it cannot decay.
Cuba
Berapakah bilangan gigi kekal orang dewasa?
恒牙数目 = bilangan gigi kekal
成人的恒牙一共 32 颗。20 是乳牙的数目。有些人最后面的四颗臼齿比较晚长，所以有时只数到 28 颗，但一整套恒牙是 32 颗。
例子：牙医检查大人的牙齿时，会从 1 数到 32。
注意：乳牙少、恒牙多，不要把两个数字对调。
number of permanent teeth = bilangan gigi kekal
An adult's full set of permanent teeth is 32. 20 is the number of baby teeth. The last four back molars come in late for some people, so you may count only 28, but a complete permanent set is 32.
Example: a dentist checking an adult's mouth counts teeth up to 32.
Watch out: there are fewer baby teeth and more permanent teeth; do not swap the two numbers.
Cuba
Apakah persamaan antara gigi susu dan gigi kekal?
相同点 = persamaan
两套牙齿都有门牙、犬齿和臼齿，这是相同的地方。数目不一样（20 和 32），牙釉质也不一样厚（乳牙薄、恒牙厚），所以另外两个说法都是不同点。
例子：小孩和大人都用门牙咬面包、用臼齿嚼饭。
注意：题目问“相同”，要找两边都一样的特点。
similarity = persamaan
Both sets have incisors, canines and molars, which is what they share. The numbers differ (20 and 32) and so does the enamel thickness (thin in baby teeth, thick in permanent ones), so the other two statements are differences.
Example: children and adults both bite bread with incisors and chew rice with molars.
Watch out: the question asks what is the same, so look for a feature found in both sets.
Inferens
Adik berumur 7 tahun. Gigi kacipnya goyang lalu tanggal. Apakah yang akan berlaku?
换牙 = bertukar gigi
7 岁正是换牙的年纪，掉的是乳牙。下面的恒牙会从同一个位置长出来。乳牙只有一套，不会再长一颗新的乳牙；那个位置也不会一直空着。
例子：哥哥 8 岁时掉了门牙，几个星期后就长出又大又宽的恒门牙。
注意：刚长出来的恒门牙看起来比较大，边缘有点像锯齿，这是正常的。
changing teeth = bertukar gigi
Seven is the age for changing teeth, and the tooth that fell out is a baby tooth. The permanent tooth underneath will grow in the same place. There is only one set of baby teeth, so no new baby tooth comes, and the gap will not stay empty.
Example: an eight-year-old loses a front tooth and a few weeks later a bigger, wider permanent incisor appears.
Watch out: new permanent incisors look large with slightly jagged edges; that is normal.
Penjagaan gigi
Cara menjaga gigi
Amalan setiap hari
1Gosok gigi dengan ubat gigi: pagi dan sebelum tidur
2Berkumur selepas makan
3Gunakan flos untuk celah gigi
4Kurangkan makanan dan minuman manis
5Jumpa doktor gigi setiap 6 bulan
刷牙 = gosok gigi；牙膏 = ubat gigi；漱口 = berkumur；牙线 = flos
照顾牙齿的好习惯：每天至少刷牙两次，早上一次、睡前一次，要用牙膏；吃完东西用清水漱口；用牙线清理牙缝里牙刷刷不到的残渣；少吃甜食、少喝甜饮料；每六个月看一次牙医检查。
例子：Lim 吃完午餐后到洗手台漱漱口，把饭粒冲掉。
注意：睡前刷完牙就不要再吃东西了，否则整夜都有残渣留在牙齿上。
brush teeth = gosok gigi; toothpaste = ubat gigi; rinse = berkumur; floss = flos
Good habits for teeth: brush at least twice a day with toothpaste, in the morning and before bed; rinse with water after eating; use floss for the gaps a toothbrush cannot reach; cut down on sweet food and drinks; see the dentist every six months.
Example: after lunch Lim rinses his mouth at the sink to wash away grains of rice.
Watch out: do not eat again after brushing at night, or bits of food stay on your teeth all night.
Penjagaan gigi
Bagaimana gigi berlubang?
Putuskan rantai kuman
细菌 = kuman；繁殖 = membiak；酸 = asid；蛀洞 = gigi berlubang
蛀牙是一条“链子”：甜的食物残渣留在牙缝，细菌吃了残渣不断繁殖，细菌会产生酸，酸慢慢侵蚀牙釉质，最后牙齿就破了一个洞。刷牙和用牙线把残渣清掉，细菌没东西吃，链子在第一步就被切断。
例子：常常含着糖果的小孩，牙齿整天泡在糖里，更容易蛀牙。
注意：牙釉质被酸蚀坏了，不会自己长好，要靠牙医修补。
germs = kuman; multiply = membiak; acid = asid; tooth decay = gigi berlubang
Tooth decay works like a chain: sweet bits of food stay between the teeth, germs feed on them and multiply, the germs produce acid, and the acid slowly eats into the enamel until a hole forms. Brushing and flossing remove the food, so the germs have nothing to eat and the chain breaks at the very first link.
Example: a child who keeps sucking sweets bathes the teeth in sugar all day and is more likely to get decay.
Watch out: enamel damaged by acid cannot heal by itself; a dentist has to repair it.
Situasi
Selepas makan ayam goreng, ada cebisan daging tersekat di celah gigi Lim. Apakah tindakan yang terbaik?
牙缝塞肉 = daging tersekat；牙线 = flos
牙线细细的，可以安全地滑进牙缝，把肉丝拉出来。放着不管到明天，细菌整晚都在吃那块肉；用尖尖的别针去挖，会刺伤牙龈，还可能刮坏牙釉质。
例子：吃完芒果，牙缝卡着纤维，也可以用牙线清掉。
注意：用牙线时动作要轻，慢慢上下拉，不要用力压牙龈。
food stuck between teeth = daging tersekat; floss = flos
Floss is thin and slides safely between teeth to pull the meat out. Leaving it until tomorrow feeds the germs all night, and digging with a sharp pin can stab the gum and scratch the enamel.
Example: after eating mango, fibres caught between teeth can be removed with floss too.
Watch out: floss gently, sliding up and down, without pressing hard on the gum.
Teknologi rawatan gigi
Doktor gigi membantu kita
Tampalan · pendakap · gigi palsu · rawatan akar
Tampalan
menutup lubang pada gigi
Pendakap gigi
membetulkan susunan gigi
Gigi palsu
menggantikan gigi yang tercabut
Rawatan akar
merawat bahagian dalam gigi yang rosak
补牙 = tampalan；牙套 = pendakap gigi；假牙 = gigi palsu；根管治疗 = rawatan akar
牙医用不同的技术帮我们治疗牙齿：补牙是把蛀洞清干净再填满；牙套用来慢慢把歪的牙齿排整齐；假牙是给已经拔掉或掉了的牙齿做替代；根管治疗是处理牙齿里面坏掉的神经和血管，把牙齿保留下来。
例子：奶奶戴假牙，吃饭时就能好好咀嚼。
注意：有了这些技术，也不代表可以不照顾牙齿，预防永远最好。
filling = tampalan; braces = pendakap gigi; false teeth = gigi palsu; root canal treatment = rawatan akar
Dentists use different technology to treat teeth: a filling cleans out a cavity and seals it; braces slowly straighten crooked teeth; false teeth replace teeth that have been pulled or lost; root canal treatment deals with a damaged nerve and blood vessels inside the tooth so the tooth can be kept.
Example: Grandma wears false teeth so she can chew her meals properly.
Watch out: these treatments are no excuse to skip daily care; prevention is always best.
Padankan
Masalah dan rawatannya
问题和治疗 = masalah dan rawatan
小蛀洞用补牙填起来；牙齿排得不整齐，戴牙套慢慢矫正；牙齿已经没有了，用假牙替代；牙齿里面的神经坏了，做根管治疗。先看问题在哪里，再想哪一种方法能解决。
例子：撞到门牙、门牙断了一角，牙医也可能用补的方法修好它。
注意：牙套不是用来补洞的，假牙也不能矫正排列。
problems and treatments = masalah dan rawatan
A small cavity gets a filling; crooked teeth are straightened with braces; a missing tooth is replaced by a false tooth; a damaged nerve inside needs root canal treatment. Work out where the problem is, then which method fixes it.
Example: if a front tooth chips in a fall, the dentist may also repair it with filling material.
Watch out: braces do not fill holes, and false teeth do not straighten other teeth.
Fikir
Amalan manakah yang boleh merosakkan gigi?
坏习惯 = amalan buruk；甜水 = air manis
睡前喝甜饮料，糖分整夜留在牙齿上，细菌就有很多食物，产生更多酸，牙齿容易蛀。饭后用清水漱口、早晚刷牙，都是保护牙齿的好习惯。
例子：睡前口渴，喝白开水就好，不要喝汽水或甜的饮料。
注意：题目问的是“会伤害牙齿”的习惯，要选坏习惯。
bad habit = amalan buruk; sweet drink = air manis
Drinking something sweet before bed leaves sugar on the teeth all night, giving germs plenty of food to make more acid, so decay is likely. Rinsing after meals and brushing morning and night are good habits that protect teeth.
Example: if you are thirsty at bedtime, plain water is best, not fizzy or sweet drinks.
Watch out: the question asks which habit harms teeth, so choose the bad one.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
gigi susu 20 · gigi kekal 32
Gigi susu ada 20 batang dan akan tanggal. Gigi kekal ada 32 batang, lebih kuat dan kekal seumur hidup jika dijaga. Gosok gigi, berkumur, guna flos dan jumpa doktor gigi.
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