Unit 1
Jenis dan Struktur Gigi
Cuba senyum di depan cermin. Adakah semua gigi kamu sama bentuk?
Hari ini kita kenal jenis gigi, fungsinya dan struktur di dalam sebatang gigi.
牙齿 = gigi；种类 = jenis；功能 = fungsi；结构 = struktur
对着镜子笑一笑，会发现前面的牙齿扁扁的，旁边有尖尖的，后面的又宽又大。这一课认识三种牙齿和它们的功能，再看看一颗牙齿里面有哪些部分。
例子：咬一口面包用的是前牙，把面包嚼碎用的是后牙。
注意：牙齿形状不同，是因为它们的工作不同。
tooth = gigi; type = jenis; function = fungsi; structure = struktur
Smile into a mirror and you will see flat teeth at the front, pointed ones beside them and wide, big ones at the back. This unit covers the three types of teeth and their jobs, and the parts inside one tooth.
Example: you bite off a piece of bread with your front teeth and grind it with your back teeth.
Watch out: teeth have different shapes because they do different jobs.
Jenis gigi
Tiga jenis gigi
Kacip · taring · geraham
gigi kacip
di hadapan · nipis
gigi taring
di sisi · tirus
gigi geraham
di belakang · lebar
门牙 = gigi kacip；犬齿 = gigi taring；臼齿 = gigi geraham
我们有三种牙齿：门牙在最前面，又薄又平，边缘很利；犬齿在门牙旁边，尖尖的；臼齿在嘴巴后面，又宽又大，表面高低不平。牙齿的位置和形状，跟它的工作有关。
例子：用舌头从前往后摸一摸牙齿，就能感觉到平、尖、宽三种不同的形状。
注意：犬齿不是狗才有，人也有，就在门牙旁边。
incisor = gigi kacip; canine = gigi taring; molar = gigi geraham
We have three types of teeth: incisors at the very front, thin and flat with a sharp edge; canines next to them, pointed; and molars at the back, wide and big with a bumpy surface. Where a tooth sits and its shape match the job it does.
Example: run your tongue from front to back and you can feel the flat, pointed and wide shapes.
Watch out: canines are not only for dogs; people have them too, right beside the incisors.
Fungsi gigi
Setiap gigi ada tugasnya
Makan dengan tiga jenis gigi
切 = memotong；撕 = mengoyak；嚼碎 = melumatkan；咀嚼 = mengunyah
三种牙齿分工合作：门牙像刀子，把食物切下来，例如咬苹果；犬齿像钩子，把韧的食物撕开，例如撕肉；臼齿像磨子，把食物嚼碎磨细，例如嚼花生。动画里三种牙齿和它们的工作一个一个出现。
例子：吃鸡腿时，先用犬齿撕下一块肉，再用臼齿嚼烂。
注意：用门牙咬硬糖果容易崩牙，硬的东西应该交给臼齿慢慢嚼。
cut = memotong; tear = mengoyak; grind = melumatkan; chew = mengunyah
The three types share the work: incisors are like knives, cutting off food as when biting an apple; canines are like hooks, tearing tough food such as meat; molars are like grinders, crushing food fine such as peanuts. The animation shows each tooth with its job in turn.
Example: eating a chicken drumstick, you tear off meat with the canines and then chew it soft with the molars.
Watch out: biting hard sweets with the incisors can chip them; hard food is for the molars to chew slowly.
Cuba
Gigi manakah yang digunakan untuk mengoyak daging ayam?
撕肉的牙齿 = gigi untuk mengoyak
鸡肉比较韧，要用尖尖的犬齿把它撕开。门牙负责切，臼齿负责嚼碎，都不是专门撕的牙齿。
例子：吃沙爹时，用犬齿把肉从竹签上扯下来。
注意：mengoyak 是撕开，memotong 是切断，两个动作不一样。
tooth for tearing = gigi untuk mengoyak
Chicken is tough, so the pointed canines tear it apart. Incisors cut and molars grind, so neither is the tearing tooth.
Example: eating satay, you pull the meat off the stick with your canines.
Watch out: mengoyak means tear while memotong means cut; they are different actions.
Cuba
Ben mengunyah kacang tanah sehingga halus. Gigi apakah yang paling banyak digunakannya?
嚼碎食物 = melumatkan makanan
要把花生嚼得细细的，需要宽大、表面高低不平的臼齿，上下臼齿一磨，花生就碎了。门牙和犬齿太窄，没办法磨碎。
例子：嚼饼干、嚼米饭，主要都靠臼齿。
注意：嚼得越细，食物越容易消化。
grinding food = melumatkan makanan
To chew peanuts until fine you need the wide, bumpy molars; the upper and lower molars grind together and crush the nuts. Incisors and canines are too narrow to grind.
Example: chewing biscuits or rice also relies mainly on the molars.
Watch out: the finer you chew, the easier the food is to digest.
Fungsi gigi
Gigi seperti alat dapur
Pisau · garpu · lesung batu
Pisau 🔪
memotong · seperti gigi kacip
Garpu 🍴
mencucuk dan mengoyak · seperti gigi taring
Lesung batu
melumatkan · seperti gigi geraham
刀 = pisau；叉子 = garpu；石臼 = lesung batu
可以用厨房用具来记牙齿的功能：门牙像刀，把东西切开；犬齿像叉子，刺进去再撕开；臼齿像石臼，把辣椒、蒜头捣烂。用具的形状和牙齿的形状很像。
例子：用石臼捣花生，花生会变成碎末，就像臼齿把花生嚼碎。
注意：这只是比喻，帮助我们记住，牙齿当然不是金属做的。
knife = pisau; fork = garpu; stone mortar = lesung batu
Kitchen tools help us remember the jobs: incisors are like a knife that cuts; canines are like a fork that pierces and tears; molars are like a stone mortar that pounds chillies or garlic to a paste. The tools look a lot like the teeth.
Example: pounding peanuts in a mortar turns them into crumbs, just as molars do.
Watch out: this is only a comparison to help us remember; teeth are of course not made of metal.
Padankan
Alat dapur dan gigi
配对用具和牙齿 = padankan alat dan gigi
先想用具做什么：刀是切，叉子是刺和撕，石臼是捣烂。再找做同样工作的牙齿：切是门牙，撕是犬齿，捣烂是臼齿。
例子：剪刀也是“切断”，所以也可以比作门牙。
注意：配对时看功能，不要只看形状像不像。
matching tools and teeth = padankan alat dan gigi
First think of what each tool does: a knife cuts, a fork pierces and tears, a mortar pounds. Then find the tooth with the same job: cutting is the incisor, tearing the canine, pounding the molar.
Example: scissors also cut, so they could stand for incisors too.
Watch out: match by function, not just by whether the shapes look alike.
Struktur gigi
Di dalam sebatang gigi
Lima struktur gigi
牙釉质 = enamel；牙本质 = dentin；神经 = saraf；血管 = salur darah；牙龈 = gusi
把一颗牙齿从中间剖开：最外面白色的一层是牙釉质；里面黄色的一层是牙本质；正中间有神经和血管；粉红色的牙龈包住牙齿的下半部，把牙齿固定住。动画的标签是由外到内出现的。
例子：照镜子看到的白色亮亮的部分，就是牙釉质。
注意：牙龈不在牙齿里面，而是在牙齿外围包着它。
enamel = enamel; dentine = dentin; nerve = saraf; blood vessel = salur darah; gum = gusi
Cut a tooth down the middle: the white outermost layer is enamel; the yellowish layer under it is dentine; the nerve and blood vessels run through the centre; and the pink gum wraps round the lower part of the tooth and holds it in place. The labels in the animation appear from the outside in.
Example: the shiny white part you see in the mirror is the enamel.
Watch out: the gum is not inside the tooth; it surrounds the tooth from the outside.
Struktur gigi
Tugas setiap struktur
Enamel paling keras
Enamel
lapisan paling luar dan paling keras; melindungi gigi
Dentin
di bawah enamel; lebih lembut
Saraf
merasa sakit, panas dan sejuk
Salur darah
membawa makanan dan oksigen
Gusi
memegang gigi supaya kukuh
最坚硬 = paling keras；酸痛 = ngilu；氧气 = oksigen
牙釉质是牙齿最外层，也是最硬的部分，像盔甲一样保护牙齿。牙本质在下面，比牙釉质软。神经让我们感觉到痛、冷和热。血管把养分和氧气送到牙齿。牙龈把牙齿抓紧，让它稳稳的。
例子：喝冰水时牙齿突然酸一下，是神经在传递冷的感觉。
注意：牙釉质坏了不会自己长回来，所以要好好保护。
hardest = paling keras; sensitive ache = ngilu; oxygen = oksigen
Enamel is the outer layer and the hardest part, protecting the tooth like armour. Dentine lies underneath and is softer than enamel. The nerve lets us feel pain, cold and heat. Blood vessels carry food and oxygen to the tooth. The gum grips the tooth so it stays firm.
Example: that sudden twinge when you sip ice water is the nerve sending the feeling of cold.
Watch out: damaged enamel does not grow back, so it needs good care.
Cuba
Struktur manakah ialah lapisan paling luar dan paling keras pada gigi?
最外层 = lapisan paling luar
牙齿最外面、最硬的一层是牙釉质。牙本质在牙釉质下面，比较软；牙龈是包着牙齿下部的软组织，不是牙齿本身的外层。
例子：牙医说“牙釉质磨损了”，意思是最外面的保护层变薄了。
注意：dentin 和 enamel 名字有点像，记住 enamel 在外。
outermost layer = lapisan paling luar
The outermost and hardest layer of a tooth is the enamel. Dentine sits under it and is softer, and the gum is soft tissue around the lower part of the tooth, not the tooth's outer layer.
Example: when a dentist says the enamel is worn, the outer protective layer has become thin.
Watch out: dentin and enamel sound alike; remember enamel is on the outside.
Fikir
Gigi Wani berlubang dalam sehingga sampai ke bahagian tengah. Mengapakah giginya terasa sakit?
为什么会痛 = mengapa sakit；露出 = terdedah
牙齿正中间有神经。蛀洞深到中间时，神经露出来，碰到食物、冷水或热水就会很痛。牙釉质变硬不会造成痛；牙龈也不会长进牙齿里面。
例子：蛀牙还只在牙釉质时通常不痛，所以要定期看牙医，及早补好。
注意：牙痛是一个警告，表示蛀洞可能已经很深了。
why it hurts = mengapa sakit; exposed = terdedah
The nerve runs through the centre of the tooth. When a cavity reaches the middle, the nerve is exposed and food, cold or hot drinks make it very painful. Harder enamel does not cause pain, and gums never grow inside a tooth.
Example: decay still in the enamel often does not hurt, which is why regular dental checks catch it early.
Watch out: toothache is a warning that a cavity may already be deep.
Padankan
Struktur gigi dan tugasnya
配对结构和功能 = padankan struktur dan tugas
牙釉质像盔甲，保护牙齿；神经负责感觉痛和冷；血管运送养分和氧气；牙龈抓住牙齿，让它稳固。四个都对上，才算完成。
例子：牙龈发炎时牙齿会松动，因为牙龈抓不紧。
注意：神经和血管都在牙齿中间，一个管感觉，一个管运送。
matching parts and jobs = padankan struktur dan tugas
Enamel is the armour that protects the tooth; the nerve senses pain and cold; blood vessels carry food and oxygen; the gum grips the tooth to keep it firm. All four must be paired correctly.
Example: when gums are inflamed, teeth can feel loose because the gum cannot hold them tightly.
Watch out: the nerve and blood vessels both sit in the centre; one senses, the other carries supplies.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
kacip · taring · geraham
Gigi kacip memotong, gigi taring mengoyak dan gigi geraham mengunyah serta melumatkan makanan. Struktur gigi ialah enamel, dentin, saraf, salur darah dan gusi.
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