Unit 3
Meramal dan Berkomunikasi
Awan hitam berkumpul. Apakah yang akan berlaku? Kita boleh meramal.
Selepas itu, kita kongsikan apa yang kita tahu dengan berkomunikasi melalui jadual, carta dan lakaran.
预测 = meramal；沟通 = berkomunikasi
看到乌云聚集，我们会想到可能快下雨，这就是预测。科学家知道了结果，还要用表格、图表或草图告诉别人，这叫沟通。这一课学这两个科学技能。
例子：你把种豆子的观察画成图贴在课室，让同学一看就懂，就是在沟通。
注意：预测讲的是还没发生的事，推论讲的是已经发生的事。
predict = meramal; communicate = berkomunikasi
When dark clouds gather we expect rain soon; that is predicting. After scientists find something out, they share it with others through tables, charts or sketches, which is communicating. This unit covers both skills.
Example: drawing your bean plant results on a chart for the class wall is communicating.
Watch out: a prediction is about something that has not happened yet, while an inference explains something that already has.
Meramal
Apakah meramal?
Jangkaan berdasarkan bukti
Meramal ✓
ada bukti: pemerhatian, pengalaman lalu, data, pola
Meneka ✗
tiada bukti, hanya rasa hati
Setiap petang Jumaat, kantin menjual cendol. Hari ini Jumaat.
Ramalan: Petang ini kantin akan menjual cendol.
Ramalan: Petang ini kantin akan menjual cendol.
预测 = meramal；期待 = jangkaan；证据 = bukti；乱猜 = meneka
预测是说出接下来可能会发生什么，而且要有根据，例如观察、以前的经验、数据或规律。乱猜就没有任何根据。食堂每个星期五下午都卖煎蕊，今天是星期五，所以预测今天下午也会卖。
例子：每天七点半校车就到，今天七点二十五分，预测校车快来了。
注意：说预测时要能讲出“因为……”，讲不出理由的就是乱猜。
predict = meramal; expectation = jangkaan; evidence = bukti; guess = meneka
Predicting means saying what will probably happen next, based on evidence such as observations, past experience, data or a pattern. A guess has no evidence at all. The canteen sells cendol every Friday afternoon and today is Friday, so we predict it will sell cendol this afternoon.
Example: the school bus always arrives at 7.30; it is 7.25 now, so we predict it will come soon.
Watch out: a prediction comes with a because; if you cannot give a reason, it is only a guess.
Meramal
Meramal daripada pola
Anak pokok kacang hijau
规律 = pola；绿豆苗 = anak pokok kacang hijau
Rina 每周量一次豆苗：3、5、7、9 厘米，每周多 2 厘米，这就是规律。照这个规律，第 5 周大约是 9 + 2 = 11 厘米。动画最后一株用虚线画，表示这是还没量的预测。
例子：月亮每晚升起的时间都比前一晚晚一些，就可以预测明晚会更晚升起。
注意：预测出来后，还要真的去量，看看预测对不对。
pattern = pola; mung bean seedling = anak pokok kacang hijau
Rina measures her seedling every week: 3, 5, 7 and 9 cm, gaining 2 cm each week, which is a pattern. Following it, week 5 should be about 9 + 2 = 11 cm. The last plant in the animation is dashed because it is a prediction not yet measured.
Example: the moon rises a little later each night, so we can predict it will rise later again tomorrow.
Watch out: after predicting, measure for real to see whether the prediction was right.
Cuba
Lihat corak bendera ini:
🟦 🟦 🟥 🟦 🟦 🟥 🟦 🟦 ❓
Ramalkan warna bendera seterusnya.
照规律预测 = ramal ikut pola
这排旗子是“蓝、蓝、红”一组一组重复。最后已经出现两面蓝旗，所以下一面应该是红旗。黄色从来没有出现过，没有根据。
例子：红、黄、红、黄、红……下一个是黄。
注意：先找出重复的一组，再看最后一组走到哪里。
predicting from a pattern = ramal ikut pola
The flags repeat in groups of blue, blue, red. The row ends with two blue flags, so the next should be red. Yellow never appears, so there is no evidence for it.
Example: red, yellow, red, yellow, red… the next is yellow.
Watch out: find the repeating group first, then see where the last group stops.
Cuba
Yang manakah satu ramalan, bukan tekaan?
预测和乱猜 = ramalan dan tekaan
“乌云密布，所以会下雨”有观察到的证据（乌云），也符合经验，是预测。“觉得明天会得奖”和“喜欢的颜色会带来好运”都没有证据，只是心里的感觉，所以是乱猜。
例子：风筝线越拉越紧、风越来越大，预测风筝会飞得更高。
注意：看句子里有没有“看到的证据”，这是分辨的关键。
prediction and guess = ramalan dan tekaan
Dark clouds, so rain will fall, has observed evidence and fits experience, so it is a prediction. Feeling that you will win a prize tomorrow, or that a favourite colour brings luck, has no evidence and is only a guess.
Example: the kite string is pulling harder and the wind is getting stronger, so we predict the kite will fly higher.
Watch out: look for evidence you can observe in the sentence; that is how to tell them apart.
Meramal
Lebih daripada satu kemungkinan
Ramalan boleh ada beberapa jawapan
Kemungkinan 1
gelas jatuh ke lantai
Kemungkinan 2
gelas terbalik di atas meja
Kemungkinan 3
gelas tidak bergerak
Selepas meramal → perhati untuk menyemak
可能性 = kemungkinan；杯子 = gelas
有时候预测不只一个答案。猫跳上桌子，桌边有个杯子：杯子可能掉到地上，可能倒在桌上，也可能一动不动。这三个都合理，要真的观察才知道是哪一个。
例子：把球踢向球门，球可能进门、打中门柱，或被守门员接住。
注意：有多种可能的时候，也要能说出每一种的理由。
possibility = kemungkinan; glass = gelas
Sometimes a prediction has more than one answer. A cat jumps onto a table with a glass near the edge: the glass may fall to the floor, tip over on the table, or not move at all. All three are sensible, and only observing tells us which happens.
Example: a ball kicked at goal may go in, hit the post or be caught by the keeper.
Watch out: even with several possibilities, you should be able to give a reason for each one.
Guna data
Tinggi anak pokok: minggu 1 = 4 cm, minggu 2 = 7 cm, minggu 3 = 10 cm. Ramalkan tingginya pada minggu 4.
用数据预测 = ramal guna data
4 到 7 多了 3，7 到 10 也多了 3，所以每周长高 3 厘米。第 4 周大约是 10 + 3 = 13 厘米。11 是只加 1，20 是把数字翻倍，都不符合规律。
例子：存钱罐每天多 2 令吉：2、4、6，预测第 4 天有 8 令吉。
注意：先算出每次增加多少，再往下推一步。
predicting with data = ramal guna data
From 4 to 7 is 3 more, and from 7 to 10 is also 3 more, so the plant grows 3 cm a week. Week 4 should be about 10 + 3 = 13 cm. 11 adds only 1 and 20 doubles the number, so neither follows the pattern.
Example: a money box gains RM2 a day: 2, 4, 6, so day 4 should have RM8.
Watch out: work out how much is added each time, then take one more step.
Berkomunikasi
Cara berkomunikasi
Kongsi maklumat supaya orang lain faham
Tulisan
ayat ringkas yang jelas
Jadual
baris dan lajur
Carta palang
palang tinggi dan rendah
Lakaran
lukisan ringkas berlabel
Simbol grafik
gambar kecil, contohnya ☀ ☁ ☂
表格 = jadual；柱状图 = carta palang；图表 = graf；草图 = lakaran；图形符号 = simbol grafik
沟通就是把资料传给别人，让别人看得懂。方法有很多：写简短清楚的句子、做表格、画柱状图或图表、画附有标签的草图，还有用小图案代表意思的图形符号，例如太阳代表晴天。
例子：天气记录表里用 ☀ 和 ☂ 记下每天的天气，一看就知道哪天下雨。
注意：选的方法要让读的人容易明白。
table = jadual; bar chart = carta palang; graph = graf; sketch = lakaran; graphic symbol = simbol grafik
Communicating means passing information to others so they understand it. There are many ways: short clear sentences, tables, bar charts or graphs, labelled sketches, and graphic symbols, small pictures that stand for a meaning, such as a sun for fine weather.
Example: a weather log using ☀ and ☂ shows at a glance which days were rainy.
Watch out: choose the way that makes the information easiest for the reader.
Berkomunikasi
Dari jadual ke carta palang
Cara murid Tahun 3 Cerdik datang ke sekolah
表格变柱状图 = jadual ke carta palang
三年级 Cerdik 班把同学上学的方式记在表格里：走路 6 人、脚踏车 4 人、巴士 9 人、汽车 7 人，一共 26 人。再把数字画成柱子，柱子越高，人数越多。巴士的柱子最高，所以最多人坐巴士。
例子：把一周每天下雨的次数画成柱状图，马上看出哪天最多雨。
注意：画柱子时要对准左边的刻度，高度才会正确。
table to bar chart = jadual ke carta palang
Class 3 Cerdik records how pupils get to school: 6 walk, 4 cycle, 9 take the bus and 7 come by car, 26 pupils altogether. The numbers are then drawn as bars, and the taller the bar, the more pupils. The bus bar is tallest, so most pupils come by bus.
Example: drawing the number of rainy days in a week as bars shows straight away which day was wettest.
Watch out: line each bar up with the scale on the left so its height is correct.
Baca carta
Berdasarkan carta palang tadi, cara manakah digunakan oleh paling ramai murid?
读柱状图 = baca carta palang
柱子越高，代表人数越多。巴士的柱子到 9，比汽车的 7、走路的 6、脚踏车的 4 都高，所以坐巴士的人最多。
例子：如果苹果的柱子最矮，就表示最少人喜欢苹果。
注意：脚踏车的柱子是最矮的，它是人数最少，不是最多。
reading a bar chart = baca carta palang
A taller bar means more pupils. The bus bar reaches 9, higher than car at 7, walking at 6 and cycling at 4, so the bus is used by the most pupils.
Example: if the apple bar is shortest, the fewest pupils like apples.
Watch out: the cycling bar is the shortest, so it shows the fewest pupils, not the most.
Guna nombor
Berapakah murid yang menaiki bas lebih ramai daripada murid yang menunggang basikal?
比较多多少 = lebih ramai berapa
坐巴士 9 人，骑脚踏车 4 人，多了多少要用减法：9 − 4 = 5。4 只是脚踏车的人数，13 是把两组加起来，都不是“多多少”。
例子：汽车 7 人、走路 6 人，汽车比走路多 1 人。
注意：题目问“多多少”就用减法，问“一共”才用加法。
how many more = lebih ramai berapa
9 pupils take the bus and 4 cycle; to find how many more, subtract: 9 − 4 = 5. 4 is just the cyclists, and 13 adds the two groups, so neither answers how many more.
Example: 7 come by car and 6 walk, so 1 more comes by car.
Watch out: how many more means subtract; altogether means add.
Berkomunikasi
Lakaran berlabel
Lukis apa yang kamu perhati
草图 = lakaran；标签 = label；叶柄 = tangkai；叶脉 = tulang daun
草图是把观察到的东西用铅笔简单画出来，再写上标签，用直线连到正确的部位。图中的叶子标了叶柄、叶脉和叶片。草图不用画得很漂亮，但要清楚、准确。
例子：观察蚂蚁后，画出它的头、胸、腹和六只脚，再一一标上名称。
注意：标签的线不能交叉，要刚好指到那个部位。
sketch = lakaran; label = label; leaf stalk = tangkai; leaf vein = tulang daun
A sketch is a simple pencil drawing of what you observed, with labels joined by straight lines to the right parts. The leaf here is labelled with its stalk, veins and blade. It need not be beautiful, but it must be clear and accurate.
Example: after watching an ant, draw its head, thorax, abdomen and six legs, then label each part.
Watch out: label lines should not cross and must point exactly at the part.
Padankan
Cara berkomunikasi
配对沟通方式 = padankan cara berkomunikasi
表格有行和列，用来排列名称和数目；柱状图用高低不同的柱子；草图是加上标签的简单图画；图形符号是一个小图案代表一个意思，例如雨伞代表下雨。
例子：班级值日表也是一种表格。
注意：柱状图和表格都可以放同样的数字，差别在于一个用柱子、一个用格子。
matching ways to communicate = padankan cara berkomunikasi
A table sets out names and numbers in rows and columns; a bar chart uses bars of different heights; a sketch is a simple labelled drawing; a graphic symbol is a small picture that stands for one meaning, such as an umbrella for rain.
Example: the class duty roster is also a kind of table.
Watch out: a bar chart and a table can hold the same numbers; one uses bars and the other uses boxes.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
ramal ada bukti · komunikasi jelas
Kita meramal berdasarkan pemerhatian, pengalaman lalu, data dan pola. Kita berkomunikasi melalui tulisan, jadual, carta palang, lakaran dan simbol grafik.
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