Unit 2
Mengukur dan Membuat Inferens
Berapakah panjang pensel kamu? Berapa lama guli bergolek ke bawah papan?
Hari ini kita belajar mengukur dengan alat yang betul, dan membuat inferens daripada pemerhatian.
测量 = mengukur；推论 = membuat inferens
这一课学两个科学技能。第一，用正确的工具量长度和时间，并用数字记录结果。第二，根据观察到的事情，想出一个合理的解释，这叫推论。
例子：量一量铅笔有几厘米，记一记弹珠从木板上滚下来要几秒。
注意：测量要有单位，只写“18”别人不知道是 18 厘米还是 18 秒。
measure = mengukur; make an inference = membuat inferens
This unit covers two science skills. First, measuring length and time with the right tools and recording the results as numbers. Second, giving a sensible explanation for something you have observed, which is called making an inference.
Example: finding how many centimetres long a pencil is, and how many seconds a marble takes to roll down a board.
Watch out: a measurement needs a unit; writing just 18 does not say whether it is 18 cm or 18 seconds.
Mengukur
Alat berunit piawai
Semua orang dapat jawapan yang sama
Pembaris
panjang · sentimeter (cm)
Jam randik digital
masa · saat dan minit
Meja diukur dengan jengkal: Aidil dapat 6 jengkal, adiknya dapat 9 jengkal.
Dengan pembaris, kedua-duanya dapat 120 cm.
Dengan pembaris, kedua-duanya dapat 120 cm.
标准单位工具 = alat berunit piawai；尺 = pembaris；厘米 = sentimeter；数码秒表 = jam randik digital
标准单位的工具，不管谁来量，结果都一样。尺用来量长度，单位是厘米；数码秒表用来量时间，单位是秒和分钟。用手掌“一拃”来量，每个人的手大小不同：Aidil 量到 6 拃，弟弟量到 9 拃，用尺量两人都是 120 厘米。
例子：老师量全班同学的身高，用的是有厘米刻度的量尺，不是用手掌。
注意：“拃”不是标准单位，不适合用来记录科学结果。
standard-unit tool = alat berunit piawai; ruler = pembaris; centimetre = sentimeter; digital stopwatch = jam randik digital
With a standard-unit tool everyone gets the same result. A ruler measures length in centimetres, and a digital stopwatch measures time in seconds and minutes. Hand spans differ: Aidil gets 6 spans for the table and his brother gets 9, yet with a ruler both get 120 cm.
Example: when the teacher measures pupils' heights, she uses a scale marked in centimetres, not her hand.
Watch out: a hand span is not a standard unit, so it is not suitable for recording science results.
Mengukur
Membaca pembaris dengan betul
Mula dari 0 · mata tegak di atas senggatan
刻度 = senggatan；视线垂直 = mata tegak；零 = sifar
读尺有两个要点：东西的一端要对准 0；读另一端时，眼睛要在刻度的正上方。动画里左斜和右斜的眼睛都打叉，因为斜着看会读多或读少；只有正上方的眼睛读到正确的 7 厘米。
例子：量橡皮擦时，把它的左边对准 0，眼睛移到右边那一端的正上方再读。
注意：尺的最前端常常不是 0，要找到印着 0 的那一条线。
scale mark = senggatan; eye straight above = mata tegak; zero = sifar
Two rules for reading a ruler: line one end of the object up with 0, and read the other end with your eye straight above the mark. In the animation the eyes looking from the left and from the right get crosses, because a slanted view reads too much or too little; only the eye directly above reads the correct 7 cm.
Example: to measure an eraser, put its left edge on 0, then move your eye right above the other end before reading.
Watch out: the very edge of a ruler is often not 0, so find the line printed with 0.
Cuba
Di manakah kedudukan mata yang betul semasa membaca pembaris?
正确的视线 = kedudukan mata betul
眼睛要在要读的那条刻度线的正上方，和尺成直角。从左边斜看，或者蹲到桌子下面看，都会看歪，读出来的数字就不准。
例子：读量杯里的水位时，也要把眼睛降到和水面一样高。
注意：读数前先移动头，而不是移动尺。
correct eye position = kedudukan mata betul
Your eye should be right above the scale line you are reading, at a right angle to the ruler. Looking from the left side or from under the table gives a slanted view and a wrong number.
Example: reading the water level in a measuring cylinder also needs your eye level with the water surface.
Watch out: move your head into place before reading, not the ruler.
Baca pembaris
Baca panjang setiap objek, kemudian pilih bacaan yang betul.
读尺实验台 = makmal pembaris；米 = meter
台上依次出现铅笔、书和桌子。从 0 开始看到物体的末端，再选出正确的读数。桌子比较长，所以用的尺有 150 厘米，读数会写成几米几厘米。
例子：读到 125 厘米，就等于 1 米 25 厘米。
注意：看清楚刻度上标的数字，长尺每一大格可能是 25 厘米。
ruler lab = makmal pembaris; metre = meter
A pencil, a book and a table appear in turn. Read from 0 to the far end of the object and pick the correct reading. The table is long, so its ruler goes up to 150 cm and the answer is written in metres and centimetres.
Example: a reading of 125 cm is the same as 1 m 25 cm.
Watch out: check the printed numbers; on the long ruler each big mark may stand for 25 cm.
Semak makmal
Dalam makmal, pensel bermula pada 0 dan berakhir pada senggatan 18. Berapakah panjangnya?
从 0 开始读 = baca dari sifar
铅笔的一端放在 0，另一端停在 18，所以长度就是 18 厘米。17 或 19 是看歪或数错一格造成的。
例子：书的一端在 0，另一端在 24，书长 24 厘米。
注意：如果一端不在 0，就要用末端读数减去开头读数。
reading from zero = baca dari sifar
One end of the pencil sits on 0 and the other end stops at 18, so it is 18 cm long. Answers of 17 or 19 come from a slanted view or miscounting by one mark.
Example: a book from 0 to 24 is 24 cm long.
Watch out: if one end is not on 0, subtract the starting reading from the end reading.
Mengukur
Jam randik digital
Mula · Henti · Set semula
开始 = mula；停 = henti；归零 = set semula；秒 = saat
用数码秒表量时间：玩具车一放手就按“开始”，车到坡底就按“停”。屏幕上冒号左边是分钟，右边是秒，所以 00:06 是 6 秒。量下一次之前要按归零。
例子：屏幕显示 01:30，就是 1 分钟 30 秒。
注意：按得太早或太迟，时间就不准，所以要眼睛盯着车子。
start = mula; stop = henti; reset = set semula; second = saat
To time with a digital stopwatch, press start the moment the toy car is let go and press stop when it reaches the bottom. On the display the number left of the colon is minutes and the number on the right is seconds, so 00:06 means 6 seconds. Reset before the next try.
Example: a display of 01:30 means 1 minute 30 seconds.
Watch out: pressing too early or too late spoils the time, so keep your eyes on the car.
Cuba
Jam randik menunjukkan 01:20. Berapakah masa yang diukur?
读秒表 = baca jam randik
冒号左边的 01 是 1 分钟，右边的 20 是 20 秒，合起来是 1 分钟 20 秒。把左右调换就会错读成 20 分钟 1 秒。
例子：00:45 是 45 秒，还不到 1 分钟。
注意：先找冒号，再分清哪边是分钟、哪边是秒。
reading a stopwatch = baca jam randik
The 01 left of the colon is 1 minute and the 20 on the right is 20 seconds, so the time is 1 minute 20 seconds. Swapping the sides gives the wrong reading of 20 minutes 1 second.
Example: 00:45 is 45 seconds, less than a minute.
Watch out: find the colon first, then decide which side is minutes and which is seconds.
Guna nombor
Kereta A sampai ke bawah dalam 8 saat. Kereta B mengambil 12 saat. Kereta manakah lebih laju?
用数字比较 = guna nombor；快 = laju
两辆车走同一段坡道，A 用 8 秒，B 用 12 秒。用的时间越少，表示越快到达，所以 A 比较快。B 的数字大，代表它花的时间长，反而比较慢。
例子：赛跑时 10 秒跑完的同学，比 14 秒跑完的同学快。
注意：比较速度时，时间的数字大不等于快。
using numbers = guna nombor; fast = laju
Both cars travel the same ramp; A takes 8 seconds and B takes 12. Less time means arriving sooner, so car A is faster. B's bigger number means it took longer, so it is slower.
Example: a pupil who finishes a sprint in 10 seconds is faster than one who needs 14.
Watch out: when comparing speed, a bigger time number does not mean faster.
Membuat inferens
Apakah inferens?
Kesimpulan awal yang munasabah
Pemerhatian
Jalan di depan rumah basah pada waktu pagi.
→
Pengalaman lalu
Jalan basah selepas hujan.
→
Inferens
Mungkin hujan turun malam tadi.
Inferens = kesimpulan awal · mesti munasabah
推论 = inferens；初步结论 = kesimpulan awal；合理 = munasabah
推论是为观察到的事情找一个初步的解释，而且要合理、说得通。做推论有三步：先观察（早上路面是湿的），再想想以前的经验（下雨后路会湿），最后说出推论（昨晚可能下过雨）。
例子：看到地上有很多树叶，推论：可能刚刮过大风。
注意：推论用“mungkin（可能）”来说，因为它还没有被证实。
inference = inferens; early conclusion = kesimpulan awal; sensible = munasabah
An inference is an early explanation for something observed, and it must be sensible. There are three steps: observe (the road is wet in the morning), recall past experience (roads get wet after rain), then state the inference (it probably rained last night).
Example: seeing many leaves on the ground, you might infer that a strong wind has just blown.
Watch out: say an inference with mungkin, because it has not been proved yet.
Membuat inferens
Inferens boleh betul atau salah
Perhati lagi untuk menyemak
Pemerhatian baharu: hanya jalan di depan rumah jiran yang basah. Ada baldi dan span di situ.
Inferens lama
Hujan malam tadi.
→
Inferens baharu
Jiran mencuci kereta.
推论可能错 = inferens boleh salah；改变 = ubah
同一个观察可以有好几个合理的推论。路湿可能是下雨，也可能是邻居洗车。当我们再观察，发现只有邻居门前湿、旁边还有水桶和海绵，就要把推论改成“邻居洗车”。
例子：猜同学没来是因为生病，后来知道他去参加比赛，就修改推论。
注意：改推论不是失败，而是科学家常做的事。
an inference can be wrong = inferens boleh salah; change = ubah
One observation can have several sensible inferences. A wet road might mean rain, or a neighbour washing the car. When further observation shows that only the patch outside the neighbour's house is wet, with a bucket and sponge nearby, we change the inference to car washing.
Example: you think a classmate is absent because he is ill, then learn he is at a competition, so you revise your inference.
Watch out: changing an inference is not failing; scientists do it all the time.
Cuba
Kek di atas meja tinggal separuh. Ada serbuk kek di tepi mulut adik. Yang manakah inferens?
分清观察和推论 = beza pemerhatian dan inferens
“蛋糕剩一半”和“弟弟嘴边有蛋糕屑”都是眼睛直接看到的，是观察。“弟弟可能吃了蛋糕”是用这两个观察想出来的解释，所以是推论。
例子：观察：猫的碗空了。推论：猫可能把食物吃完了。
注意：推论常常带有“mungkin”，观察则是看得到、摸得到的事实。
telling observation from inference = beza pemerhatian dan inferens
The cake being half gone and the crumbs by the boy's mouth are both seen directly, so they are observations. Saying he probably ate the cake explains those two facts, so it is the inference.
Example: observation, the cat's bowl is empty; inference, the cat may have eaten all its food.
Watch out: an inference often contains mungkin, while an observation is a fact you can see or touch.
Cuba
Payung Cikgu Lina basah ketika dia masuk ke kelas. Inferens manakah yang munasabah?
合理的推论 = inferens munasabah；雨伞 = payung
雨伞湿了，最说得通的原因是外面正在下雨，这和我们平时的经验相符。雨伞是不是新买的、老师喜欢什么颜色，都不能解释为什么伞是湿的。
例子：同学的鞋子沾满泥，合理的推论是他走过泥地。
注意：合理的推论一定要能解释你观察到的事情。
sensible inference = inferens munasabah; umbrella = payung
The most sensible reason for a wet umbrella is that it is raining outside, which fits everyday experience. Whether the umbrella is new or which colour the teacher likes cannot explain why it is wet.
Example: if a friend's shoes are covered in mud, a sensible inference is that he walked through a muddy patch.
Watch out: a sensible inference must explain what you actually observed.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
alat piawai · mata tegak · inferens munasabah
Kita mengukur panjang dengan pembaris dan masa dengan jam randik digital. Inferens ialah kesimpulan awal yang munasabah, dan ia boleh betul atau salah.
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