Unit 3
Perkaitan Piktograf, Carta Palang dan Carta Pai
Kelas 3 Dedikasi bertanya: alat muzik apakah yang kamu suka?
Jawapan yang sama boleh dilukis dalam tiga cara: piktograf, carta palang dan carta pai.
Rupanya berbeza, tetapi datanya sama.
关系 = perkaitan；象形图 = piktograf；条形图 = carta palang；饼分图 = carta pai
这一课把三种统计图放在一起看。3 Dedikasi 班问同学喜欢什么乐器，得到一组数据。这组数据可以用图标画成象形图，可以用长条画成条形图，也可以用扇区画成饼分图。三个图样子不同，但里面的数目完全一样。
例子：喜欢鼓的 8 人，在三个图里都要读到 8。
注意：看到三个图，先看标题是不是同一个，标题一样才是同一组数据。
relationship = perkaitan; pictograph = piktograf; bar chart = carta palang; pie chart = carta pai
This unit puts three kinds of chart side by side. Class 3 Dedikasi asked friends which musical instrument they like and got one set of data. It can be drawn with icons as a pictograph, with bars as a bar chart, or with sectors as a pie chart. The three look different, but the numbers inside are exactly the same.
Example: 8 pupils like the drum, and all three charts must show 8 for the drum.
Watch out: when you see three charts, check that the titles match; only the same title means the same data.
Piktograf
Satu ikon mewakili 2 murid
Bilangan = bilangan ikon × 2
Gitar: 3 ikon × 2 = 6 · Drum: 4 ikon × 2 = 8
图标 = ikon；代表 = mewakili
读象形图先看下面那一行：一个笑脸代表 2 个学生。所以不能只数图标，还要乘 2。吉他有 3 个图标，3 × 2 = 6 人；鼓有 4 个图标，4 × 2 = 8 人；小提琴只有 1 个图标，就是 2 人；钢琴 2 个图标，就是 4 人。
例子：如果一个图标代表 5 本书，3 个图标就是 15 本书。
注意：最常见的错是只数图标，把鼓读成 4 人，其实是 8 人。
icon = ikon; stands for = mewakili
To read a pictograph, first look at the line underneath: one smiley stands for 2 pupils. So counting the icons is not enough; multiply by 2. Guitar has 3 icons, 3 × 2 = 6 pupils; drum has 4 icons, 4 × 2 = 8; violin has 1 icon, which is 2; piano has 2 icons, which is 4.
Example: if one icon stands for 5 books, 3 icons mean 15 books.
Watch out: the usual mistake is counting icons only and reading the drum as 4 instead of 8.
Carta palang
Baca senggatan
Hujung palang → garis senggatan → nombor
Drum 8 · Gitar 6 · Piano 4 · Biola 2
刻度 = senggatan；长条 = palang
条形图左边那条直线上有刻度：0、2、4、6、8，每一格是 2。读的时候看长条的顶端，沿着横线往左对到刻度上的数字。鼓的长条顶到 8，吉他顶到 6，钢琴顶到 4，小提琴最矮，只到 2。长条越高，人数越多。
例子：如果有一条长条停在 4 和 6 的正中间，那就是 5。
注意：刻度不是一格 1，一定要先看清楚刻度怎么跳。
scale = senggatan; bar = palang
The upright line on the left of the bar chart has a scale of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, so each step is 2. To read a bar, look at its top and follow the grid line across to the number on the scale. The drum bar reaches 8, guitar 6, piano 4, and violin is the shortest at 2. The taller the bar, the more pupils.
Example: a bar that stops exactly halfway between 4 and 6 stands for 5.
Watch out: the scale does not go up in ones here, so check how it jumps before reading.
Perkaitan
Data sama, tiga rupa
ikon → palang → sektor
Drum: 4 ikon = palang 8 = sektor 8 · jumlah 20
同一组数据 = data yang sama；三个样子 = tiga rupa
动画里同一组乐器数据先是象形图，再变成长条，最后变成饼分图的扇区。鼓：4 个图标乘 2 是 8，长条到 8，扇区也写 8，而且是最大的一块。小提琴：1 个图标是 2，长条最短，扇区最小。不管哪一种图，加起来都是 20 人。
例子：钢琴在三个图里分别是 2 个图标、长条到 4、扇区写 4。
注意：象形图要乘图标代表的数，另外两个图直接读数字，读出来的结果要一样。
the same data = data yang sama; three looks = tiga rupa
In the animation the same instrument data starts as a pictograph, turns into bars, and then into pie sectors. Drum: 4 icons times 2 is 8, the bar reaches 8, and the sector also shows 8 and is the biggest. Violin: 1 icon is 2, the bar is the shortest and the sector the smallest. Whichever chart you use, the total is 20 pupils.
Example: piano appears as 2 icons, a bar reaching 4, and a sector showing 4.
Watch out: in the pictograph multiply by the icon value; in the other two read the numbers directly, and all three must agree.
Cuba
Dalam piktograf, drum ada 4 ikon. Berapakah murid yang suka drum?
图标乘代表数 = ikon × nilai ikon
每个图标代表 2 人，鼓有 4 个图标，4 × 2 = 8，所以喜欢鼓的有 8 人。选 4 是只数了图标，没有乘；选 6 是把 4 加 2，用错了运算。可以用条形图检查：鼓的长条也到 8。
例子：吉他 3 个图标，3 × 2 = 6 人。
注意：每次读象形图都要先找“mewakili”那一行。
icons times icon value = ikon × nilai ikon
Each icon stands for 2 pupils and the drum has 4 icons, so 4 × 2 = 8 pupils like the drum. 4 counts the icons without multiplying, and 6 adds 2 instead of multiplying. You can check with the bar chart: the drum bar also reaches 8.
Example: guitar has 3 icons, 3 × 2 = 6 pupils.
Watch out: every time you read a pictograph, look for the mewakili line first.
Cuba
Dalam carta palang, palang piano sampai senggatan berapa?
对准刻度 = ikut garis senggatan
钢琴的长条顶端刚好在 4 那条横线上，所以是 4。选 2 是把格子数（两格）当成答案，没有看刻度每格是 2；选 5 是没有对准横线，看高了。象形图里钢琴是 2 个图标，2 × 2 = 4，两个图一致。
例子：吉他的长条顶到 6，象形图是 3 个图标。
注意：用尺子或手指沿横线对过去，比用眼睛估更准。
lining up with the scale = ikut garis senggatan
The top of the piano bar sits exactly on the line for 4, so the value is 4. 2 counts grid squares (two of them) without noticing each step is 2, and 5 comes from not lining up with the grid line. In the pictograph piano has 2 icons, 2 × 2 = 4, so both charts agree.
Example: the guitar bar reaches 6, and the pictograph shows 3 icons.
Watch out: follow the line across with a ruler or finger; it is more accurate than guessing by eye.
Bina tiga carta sekali gus
Pilih buah, tekan + atau −. Perhatikan piktograf, carta palang dan carta pai.
三个图一起变 = tiga carta berubah bersama
这个实验台里，同一组水果数据同时画成三个图。先按上面选一种水果，再按“+ Tambah”或“− Kurang”。每按一次就加或减 2 人，因为一个图标代表 2 人。你会看到：象形图多了或少了一个图标，长条变长或变短，饼分图那一块变大或变小，别的扇区也跟着稍微变。至少试三种水果。
例子：把葡萄从 6 人加到 12 人，图标从 3 个变成 6 个，长条到 12，扇区也大了一倍左右。
注意：饼分图每一块的大小是跟总数比较出来的，所以一块变大，其他块就会变小一点。
three charts change together = tiga carta berubah bersama
In this lab one set of fruit data is drawn as three charts at once. First pick a fruit on the top row, then press + Tambah or − Kurang. Each press adds or removes 2 pupils, because one icon stands for 2 pupils. You will see the pictograph gain or lose an icon, the bar get longer or shorter, and that pie sector grow or shrink while the other sectors adjust a little. Try at least three fruits.
Example: raise grapes from 6 to 12 pupils, and the icons go from 3 to 6, the bar reaches 12 and the sector is roughly twice as big.
Watch out: each sector's size is compared with the total, so when one sector grows the others become slightly smaller.
Makmal
Apabila bilangan oren ditambah, apakah yang berlaku?
数量变多 = bilangan bertambah
实验里橙子加 2 人，三个图都跟着变：象形图多一个图标，长条变长一格，饼分图橙子那块变大。因为三个图画的是同一组数据，所以不会只有一个图变；长条也不可能反而变短。
例子：苹果减 2 人，苹果少一个图标、长条短一格、扇区变小。
注意：三个图永远说同一件事，一个变了，另外两个也要变。
the number goes up = bilangan bertambah
In the lab, adding 2 pupils to orange changes all three charts: the pictograph gains an icon, the bar grows one step, and the orange sector gets bigger. Because the three charts show the same data, it is never just one chart that changes, and the bar can never get shorter when the number goes up.
Example: taking 2 pupils away from apple removes one icon, shortens the bar by one step and makes the sector smaller.
Watch out: the three charts always tell the same story; when one changes, the other two must change as well.
Makmal
Jika keempat-empat buah ada 3 murid setiap satu, bagaimanakah rupa carta pai?
一样多 = sama banyak
四种水果都是 3 人，一共 12 人。每一种都占 12 份里的 3 份，所以四个扇区一样大，每块都是圆的四分之一。条形图里四条长条也会一样高，象形图每行都是 3 个图标。只有数量不同，扇区才会有大有小。
例子：如果只有两种水果，各 5 人，饼分图就是两个一样大的半圆。
注意：饼分图不会是空的，只要有数据就有扇区。
the same amount = sama banyak
All four fruits have 3 pupils, 12 in total. Each fruit takes 3 of the 12, so the four sectors are equal, each a quarter of the circle. In the bar chart the four bars are equally tall, and every pictograph row has 3 icons. Sectors differ in size only when the amounts differ.
Example: with only two fruits of 5 pupils each, the pie chart is two equal halves.
Watch out: a pie chart is never empty while there is data; every group gets a sector.
Bandingkan
Cara membaca setiap carta
Ketiga-tiga carta mesti memberi nilai yang sama
| Carta | Cara baca | Drum |
|---|---|---|
| Piktograf | kira ikon × nilai ikon | 4 × 2 = 8 |
| Carta palang | hujung palang → senggatan | 8 |
| Carta pai | warna → petunjuk → nilai | 8 |
Piktograf: mudah dilihat · Palang: mudah dibanding · Pai: nampak bahagian daripada jumlah
怎么读 = cara baca；比较 = bandingkan
三种图读法不一样。象形图：数图标，再乘一个图标代表的数。条形图：看长条顶端，对到刻度上。饼分图：用颜色对图例，再读扇区里的数字。三种读法得出的鼓都是 8。各有好处：象形图好看易懂；条形图比较高低最方便；饼分图最容易看出每一类占全部的多少。
例子：想一眼看出哪一类占了一半，用饼分图最清楚。
注意：如果三个图读出来的数不一样，一定是哪里读错了，要回头检查。
way of reading = cara baca; compare = bandingkan
The three charts are read differently. Pictograph: count the icons, then multiply by the value of one icon. Bar chart: look at the top of the bar and match it to the scale. Pie chart: match the colour to the key, then read the number in the sector. All three give 8 for the drum. Each has a strength: pictographs are friendly to look at, bar charts make comparing heights easy, and pie charts show how big each part is compared with the whole.
Example: to see at a glance which group makes up half, a pie chart is clearest.
Watch out: if the three charts give different numbers, something was misread, so go back and check.
Padankan
Data biola dalam tiga carta
同一个数据的三个样子 = satu data, tiga rupa
小提琴有 2 人。在象形图里，一个图标代表 2 人，所以是 1 个图标；在条形图里，长条到刻度 2；在饼分图里，2 是最小的数，所以扇区最小。鼓 8 人减小提琴 2 人，相差 6 人。
例子：钢琴 4 人是 2 个图标、长条到 4、扇区第二小。
注意：从人数换成图标要除以 2，从图标换回人数要乘 2。
one piece of data, three looks = satu data, tiga rupa
Violin has 2 pupils. In the pictograph one icon stands for 2, so it is 1 icon; in the bar chart the bar reaches 2 on the scale; in the pie chart 2 is the smallest value, so its sector is the smallest. Drum 8 minus violin 2 gives a difference of 6 pupils.
Example: piano with 4 pupils is 2 icons, a bar reaching 4 and the second smallest sector.
Watch out: to turn pupils into icons divide by 2, and to turn icons back into pupils multiply by 2.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
piktograf = palang = pai (data sama)
Piktograf: ikon × nilai satu ikon. Carta palang: baca senggatan. Carta pai: petunjuk dan nilai sektor. Data yang sama memberi jawapan yang sama dalam ketiga-tiga carta.
Latihan tambahan →