Unit 16
Tolak Isi Padu Cecair
Sebuah bekas air di kelas mengandungi 5 ℓ 250 mℓ air minuman. Cikgu menuang 2 ℓ 600 mℓ ke dalam jag.
Berapakah baki air dalam bekas itu?
液体体积减法 = tolak isi padu cecair；剩下 = baki
这一课学用一个液体体积减去另一个。课室的饮水桶有 5 ℓ 250 mℓ 水，老师倒了 2 ℓ 600 mℓ 到水壶里，桶里还剩多少，就要相减。减的时候 mℓ 不够减，要向 ℓ 借 1，借来的是 1 000 mℓ。
例子：一瓶 1 ℓ 的水喝掉 400 mℓ，还剩 600 mℓ。
注意：求“剩下多少”和“相差多少”都用减法。
subtracting liquid volume = tolak isi padu cecair; what is left = baki
In this unit we take one liquid volume away from another. The class water container holds 5 ℓ 250 mℓ, and the teacher pours 2 ℓ 600 mℓ into a jug; to find what remains, we subtract. When the millilitres are too small, we borrow 1 ℓ, and that borrowed litre is worth 1 000 mℓ.
Example: drinking 400 mℓ from a 1 ℓ bottle leaves 600 mℓ.
Watch out: both how much is left and how much more one has than another are found by subtraction.
Satu unit sahaja
900 mℓ − 350 mℓ · 15 ℓ − 8 ℓ
Tolak seperti nombor biasa
| mℓ | |
|---|---|
| 900 | |
| − | 350 |
| 550 |
| ℓ | |
|---|---|
| 15 | |
| − | 8 |
| 7 |
同单位相减 = tolak unit yang sama
单位一样时就跟平常的减法一样。900 − 350：个位 0 − 0 = 0，十位 0 不够减 5，向百位借 1 变 10，10 − 5 = 5，百位 8 − 3 = 5，得 550 mℓ。15 − 8 = 7，得 7 ℓ。
例子：750 mℓ − 200 mℓ = 550 mℓ；20 ℓ − 6 ℓ = 14 ℓ。
注意：这里数位里的借位是普通的借 10，跟升借毫升的 1 000 是两回事。
subtracting the same unit = tolak unit yang sama
With the same unit, this is ordinary subtraction. For 900 − 350: ones 0 − 0 = 0; in the tens, 0 cannot take 5, so borrow from the hundreds to make 10, and 10 − 5 = 5; hundreds 8 − 3 = 5, giving 550 mℓ. Then 15 − 8 = 7 gives 7 ℓ.
Example: 750 mℓ − 200 mℓ = 550 mℓ; 20 ℓ − 6 ℓ = 14 ℓ.
Watch out: borrowing between digits here is the usual borrow of ten, which is different from borrowing 1 000 mℓ from a litre.
Bentuk lazim
6 ℓ 750 mℓ − 2 ℓ 300 mℓ
Tolak mℓ dahulu, kemudian ℓ
| ℓ | mℓ | |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | 750 | |
| − | 2 | 300 |
| 4 | 450 |
mℓ: 750 − 300 = 450 · ℓ: 6 − 2 = 4
分栏减法 = tolak dalam lajur
竖式左栏写 ℓ，右栏写 mℓ。先减右边的 mℓ：750 − 300 = 450，够减，不用借。再减左边的 ℓ：6 − 2 = 4。答案 4 ℓ 450 mℓ。
例子：3 ℓ 800 mℓ − 1 ℓ 500 mℓ = 2 ℓ 300 mℓ。
注意：大的数写在上面，被减数要在第一行，次序不能对调。
subtracting in columns = tolak dalam lajur
In the column form, litres go on the left and millilitres on the right. Subtract the millilitres first: 750 − 300 = 450, which works without borrowing. Then subtract the litres: 6 − 2 = 4. The answer is 4 ℓ 450 mℓ.
Example: 3 ℓ 800 mℓ − 1 ℓ 500 mℓ = 2 ℓ 300 mℓ.
Watch out: the larger amount goes on the top row; the two rows must not swap places.
Cuba
9 ℓ 680 mℓ − 4 ℓ 250 mℓ = ?
| ℓ | mℓ | |
|---|---|---|
| 9 | 680 | |
| − | 4 | 250 |
| ? | ? |
不借位的减法 = tolak tanpa pinjam
mℓ：680 − 250 = 430。ℓ：9 − 4 = 5。答案 5 ℓ 430 mℓ。
例子：7 ℓ 560 mℓ − 2 ℓ 140 mℓ = 5 ℓ 420 mℓ。
注意：13 ℓ 930 mℓ 是做了加法，题目的符号是减号。
subtracting without borrowing = tolak tanpa pinjam
Millilitres: 680 − 250 = 430. Litres: 9 − 4 = 5. The answer is 5 ℓ 430 mℓ.
Example: 7 ℓ 560 mℓ − 2 ℓ 140 mℓ = 5 ℓ 420 mℓ.
Watch out: 13 ℓ 930 mℓ comes from adding, but the sign in the question is a minus.
Pinjam 1 ℓ
5 ℓ 250 mℓ − 2 ℓ 600 mℓ
1 ℓ dipinjam = 1 000 mℓ
pinjam 1 ℓ → 1 000 mℓ + 250 mℓ = 1 250 mℓ → 1 250 − 600 = 650
借一当一千 = pinjam 1 ℓ jadi 1 000 mℓ
mℓ 栏 250 不够减 600，就向 ℓ 栏借 1。5 划掉写 4，借来的 1 ℓ 就是 1 000 mℓ，加到 250 上变 1 250 mℓ。1 250 − 600 = 650，写在 mℓ 栏。ℓ 栏：4 − 2 = 2。答案 2 ℓ 650 mℓ。
例子：3 ℓ 100 mℓ − 1 ℓ 400 mℓ → 1 100 − 400 = 700，2 − 1 = 1 → 1 ℓ 700 mℓ。
注意：借来的 1 ℓ 是 1 000 mℓ，不是 100 mℓ，也别忘了 ℓ 栏要少 1。
borrowing one litre = pinjam 1 ℓ jadi 1 000 mℓ
250 in the millilitre column cannot take away 600, so borrow 1 from the litre column. Cross out 5 and write 4; the borrowed litre is 1 000 mℓ, and adding it to 250 makes 1 250 mℓ. Then 1 250 − 600 = 650 goes in the millilitre column, and the litres give 4 − 2 = 2. The answer is 2 ℓ 650 mℓ.
Example: 3 ℓ 100 mℓ − 1 ℓ 400 mℓ → 1 100 − 400 = 700 and 2 − 1 = 1 → 1 ℓ 700 mℓ.
Watch out: a borrowed litre is 1 000 mℓ, not 100 mℓ, and the litre column must go down by 1.
Cuba
7 ℓ 300 mℓ − 3 ℓ 850 mℓ = ?
| ℓ | mℓ | |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | 300 | |
| − | 3 | 850 |
| ? | ? |
要借位 = perlu pinjam
mℓ：300 不够减 850，向 ℓ 借 1，1 000 + 300 = 1 300，1 300 − 850 = 450。ℓ：7 借走 1 剩 6，6 − 3 = 3。答案 3 ℓ 450 mℓ。
例子：4 ℓ 200 mℓ − 1 ℓ 500 mℓ → 1 200 − 500 = 700 → 2 ℓ 700 mℓ。
注意：4 ℓ 550 mℓ 是用 850 − 300 倒过来减；4 ℓ 450 mℓ 是借了却没把 7 改成 6。
borrowing is needed = perlu pinjam
Millilitres: 300 cannot take 850, so borrow 1 ℓ: 1 000 + 300 = 1 300 and 1 300 − 850 = 450. Litres: 7 becomes 6 after lending 1, and 6 − 3 = 3. The answer is 3 ℓ 450 mℓ.
Example: 4 ℓ 200 mℓ − 1 ℓ 500 mℓ → 1 200 − 500 = 700 → 2 ℓ 700 mℓ.
Watch out: 4 ℓ 550 mℓ subtracts the wrong way round (850 − 300), and 4 ℓ 450 mℓ borrows but forgets to change 7 into 6.
Liter bulat
6 ℓ − 1 ℓ 350 mℓ
Tulis 6 ℓ sebagai 6 ℓ 000 mℓ
| ℓ | mℓ | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 000 | ||
| 000 | ||
| − | 1 | 350 |
| 4 | 650 |
1 000 − 350 = 650 · 5 − 1 = 4
整升减复名数 = liter bulat tolak ℓ dan mℓ
6 ℓ 没有毫升，竖式里 mℓ 栏要先写 000，这样才看得出要借位。000 不够减 350，向 ℓ 借 1：6 变 5，000 变 1 000。1 000 − 350 = 650；5 − 1 = 4。答案 4 ℓ 650 mℓ。
例子：3 ℓ − 400 mℓ → 1 000 − 400 = 600，2 ℓ → 2 ℓ 600 mℓ。
注意：mℓ 栏空着不写，很容易把 350 直接抄下来，得到错误的 5 ℓ 350 mℓ。
whole litres minus a mixed amount = liter bulat tolak ℓ dan mℓ
6 ℓ has no millilitres, so write 000 in the millilitre column first; that makes the need to borrow easy to see. 000 cannot take 350, so borrow 1 ℓ: 6 becomes 5 and 000 becomes 1 000. Then 1 000 − 350 = 650 and 5 − 1 = 4. The answer is 4 ℓ 650 mℓ.
Example: 3 ℓ − 400 mℓ → 1 000 − 400 = 600 with 2 ℓ left → 2 ℓ 600 mℓ.
Watch out: leaving the millilitre box empty tempts you to copy the 350 straight down and get the wrong 5 ℓ 350 mℓ.
Cuba
10 ℓ − 4 ℓ 720 mℓ = ?
| ℓ | mℓ | |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | 000 | |
| − | 4 | 720 |
| ? | ? |
补 000 再借 = tulis 000, kemudian pinjam
10 ℓ 写成 10 ℓ 000 mℓ。000 不够减 720，借 1 ℓ：10 变 9，1 000 − 720 = 280。ℓ：9 − 4 = 5。答案 5 ℓ 280 mℓ。
例子：5 ℓ − 2 ℓ 100 mℓ → 1 000 − 100 = 900 → 2 ℓ 900 mℓ。
注意：6 ℓ 720 mℓ 是把 720 直接抄下来；6 ℓ 280 mℓ 是借了 1 ℓ 却没从 10 减掉。
write 000, then borrow = tulis 000, kemudian pinjam
Write 10 ℓ as 10 ℓ 000 mℓ. 000 cannot take 720, so borrow 1 ℓ: 10 becomes 9 and 1 000 − 720 = 280. Litres: 9 − 4 = 5. The answer is 5 ℓ 280 mℓ.
Example: 5 ℓ − 2 ℓ 100 mℓ → 1 000 − 100 = 900 → 2 ℓ 900 mℓ.
Watch out: 6 ℓ 720 mℓ just copies the 720 down, and 6 ℓ 280 mℓ borrows the litre without taking it from the 10.
Beza isi padu
Minyak bunga matahari dan minyak zaitun
Isi padu besar tolak isi padu kecil
2 ℓ 100 mℓ
1 ℓ 850 mℓ
beza = ? mℓ ↑
| ℓ | mℓ | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 100 | ||
| 100 | ||
| − | 1 | 850 |
| 250 |
相差 = beza
比较两瓶油谁多、多多少，用大的减小的：2 ℓ 100 mℓ − 1 ℓ 850 mℓ。mℓ 栏 100 不够减 850，借 1 ℓ：1 100 − 850 = 250；ℓ 栏 1 − 1 = 0，不用写。相差 250 mℓ。长条图里虚线那一段就是相差的部分。
例子：A 瓶 1 ℓ 200 mℓ，B 瓶 900 mℓ → 相差 300 mℓ。
注意：ℓ 栏得 0 时，答案只写 250 mℓ，不写 0 ℓ。
difference = beza
To compare the two bottles of oil, take the smaller from the larger: 2 ℓ 100 mℓ − 1 ℓ 850 mℓ. 100 cannot take 850, so borrow 1 ℓ: 1 100 − 850 = 250; the litres give 1 − 1 = 0, which is not written. The difference is 250 mℓ. The dashed piece of the bar is exactly that difference.
Example: bottle A holds 1 ℓ 200 mℓ and bottle B 900 mℓ → the difference is 300 mℓ.
Watch out: when the litre column comes to 0, write only 250 mℓ, not 0 ℓ 250 mℓ.
Cuba
Ayah membeli 4 ℓ minyak enjin. Dia menggunakan 1 ℓ 600 mℓ untuk keretanya. Berapakah baki minyak enjin?
剩下多少 = berapa baki
“baki”就是用原来的减去用掉的：4 ℓ − 1 ℓ 600 mℓ。4 ℓ 写成 4 ℓ 000 mℓ，借 1 ℓ：1 000 − 600 = 400；ℓ：3 − 1 = 2。还剩 2 ℓ 400 mℓ。
例子：一桶 3 ℓ 的漆用了 1 ℓ 200 mℓ → 剩 1 ℓ 800 mℓ。
注意：5 ℓ 600 mℓ 是相加，用掉了油不会变多。
how much is left = berapa baki
Baki means the starting amount minus the amount used: 4 ℓ − 1 ℓ 600 mℓ. Write 4 ℓ as 4 ℓ 000 mℓ and borrow 1 ℓ: 1 000 − 600 = 400; litres 3 − 1 = 2. There is 2 ℓ 400 mℓ left.
Example: a 3 ℓ tin of paint after using 1 ℓ 200 mℓ has 1 ℓ 800 mℓ left.
Watch out: 5 ℓ 600 mℓ adds the amounts, but using oil can never make more of it.
Padankan
Hasil tolak
配对差 = padankan hasil tolak
1 ℓ − 300 mℓ：1 000 − 300 = 700 mℓ。5 ℓ 500 mℓ − 2 ℓ 500 mℓ：mℓ 500 − 500 = 0，ℓ 5 − 2 = 3，得 3 ℓ。3 ℓ 200 mℓ − 400 mℓ：借 1 ℓ，1 200 − 400 = 800，ℓ 剩 2 → 2 ℓ 800 mℓ。8 ℓ − 1 mℓ：借 1 ℓ，1 000 − 1 = 999 → 7 ℓ 999 mℓ。
例子：2 ℓ − 1 mℓ = 1 ℓ 999 mℓ。
注意：只少 1 mℓ，升也要借掉 1，所以 8 变成 7。
matching differences = padankan hasil tolak
1 ℓ − 300 mℓ: 1 000 − 300 = 700 mℓ. 5 ℓ 500 mℓ − 2 ℓ 500 mℓ: 500 − 500 = 0 and 5 − 2 = 3, giving 3 ℓ. 3 ℓ 200 mℓ − 400 mℓ: borrow 1 ℓ, 1 200 − 400 = 800 with 2 ℓ left → 2 ℓ 800 mℓ. 8 ℓ − 1 mℓ: borrow 1 ℓ, 1 000 − 1 = 999 → 7 ℓ 999 mℓ.
Example: 2 ℓ − 1 mℓ = 1 ℓ 999 mℓ.
Watch out: even taking away just 1 mℓ means borrowing a whole litre, so 8 becomes 7.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
mℓ tidak cukup → pinjam 1 ℓ = 1 000 mℓ
Susun ℓ di bawah ℓ, mℓ di bawah mℓ. Tolak mℓ dahulu. Jika tidak cukup, pinjam 1 ℓ dan tambah 1 000 mℓ. Liter bulat ditulis dengan 000 mℓ.
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