Latihan tambahan

不用借位 = tidak perlu pinjam 60 sen 比 35 sen 大，够减，不用借。sen：60 − 35 = 25。ringgit：85 − 42 = 43。答案 RM 43.25。 例子：RM 27.80 − RM 15.30 → 80 − 30 = 50，27 − 15 = 12 → RM 12.50。 注意：sen 够减就直接减，不要随便借 1。

no borrowing needed = tidak perlu pinjam 60 sen is more than 35 sen, so there is enough and nothing to borrow. Sen: 60 − 35 = 25. Ringgit: 85 − 42 = 43. The answer is RM 43.25. Example: RM 27.80 − RM 15.30 → 80 − 30 = 50 and 27 − 15 = 12 → RM 12.50. Watch out: when the sen are enough, just subtract; do not borrow for no reason.

借 1 ringgit = pinjam 1 ringgit 20 sen 不够减 85 sen，向 91 借 1：91 变 90，20 sen 变 120 sen。120 − 85 = 35。90 − 57 = 33。答案 RM 33.35。 例子：RM 53.10 − RM 26.45 → 110 − 45 = 65，52 − 26 = 26 → RM 26.65。 注意：RM 34.35 是借了 1 却忘记把 91 改成 90。

borrowing 1 ringgit = pinjam 1 ringgit 20 sen is less than 85 sen, so borrow 1 from 91: it becomes 90 and the 20 sen become 120 sen. 120 − 85 = 35. 90 − 57 = 33. The answer is RM 33.35. Example: RM 53.10 − RM 26.45 → 110 − 45 = 65 and 52 − 26 = 26 → RM 26.65. Watch out: RM 34.35 comes from borrowing but forgetting to change 91 to 90.

整数减带 sen = nombor bulat tolak sen 把 RM 4 000 看成 RM 3 999 和 100 sen。sen：100 − 60 = 40。ringgit：3 999 − 1 832 = 2 167。答案 RM 2 167.40。 例子：RM 1 000 − RM 420.50 → 999 − 420 = 579，100 − 50 = 50 → RM 579.50。 注意：3 999 里每个 9 都是借位之后得到的，不要漏掉任何一位。

whole amount minus sen = nombor bulat tolak sen Think of RM 4 000 as RM 3 999 and 100 sen. Sen: 100 − 60 = 40. Ringgit: 3 999 − 1 832 = 2 167. The answer is RM 2 167.40. Example: RM 1 000 − RM 420.50 → 999 − 420 = 579 and 100 − 50 = 50 → RM 579.50. Watch out: every 9 in 3 999 comes from borrowing, so do not skip any place.

整数减整数 = tolak nombor bulat 两个都是整数，像普通减法一样从个位减起。0 − 5 不够，向 5 借 1 → 10 − 5 = 5；4 − 7 不够，向 2 借 1 → 14 − 7 = 7；1 − 6 不够，向 7 借 1 → 11 − 6 = 5；6 − 3 = 3。答案 RM 3 575。 例子：RM 5 400 − RM 2 150 = RM 3 250。 注意：连续借位时，每一位借出去后都要少 1。

whole minus whole = tolak nombor bulat Both amounts are whole ringgit, so subtract like ordinary numbers from the ones: 0 − 5 is not enough, borrow from 5 → 10 − 5 = 5; 4 − 7 is not enough, borrow from 2 → 14 − 7 = 7; 1 − 6 is not enough, borrow from 7 → 11 − 6 = 5; 6 − 3 = 3. The answer is RM 3 575. Example: RM 5 400 − RM 2 150 = RM 3 250. Watch out: with borrowing in several places, each place that lends must go down by 1.

连减两次 = tolak dua kali 第一步：500 看成 499 和 100 sen，100 − 40 = 60，499 − 138 = 361，得 RM 361.60。第二步：361.60 − 96.30，60 − 30 = 30，361 − 96 = 265，得 RM 265.30。 例子：RM 80 − RM 25.50 − RM 14.50 → 54.50 − 14.50 = RM 40。 注意：RM 361.60 只是第一步的结果，还要再减一次。

subtracting twice = tolak dua kali Step one: see 500 as 499 and 100 sen, 100 − 40 = 60 and 499 − 138 = 361, giving RM 361.60. Step two: 361.60 − 96.30, 60 − 30 = 30 and 361 − 96 = 265, giving RM 265.30. Example: RM 80 − RM 25.50 − RM 14.50 → 54.50 − 14.50 = RM 40. Watch out: RM 361.60 is only the first step; one more subtraction is needed.

原来的数 = nombor asal 减掉 RM 18.25 后剩 RM 52.75，原来的数是 52.75 + 18.25。sen：75 + 25 = 100，写 00 进 1。ringgit：1 + 52 + 18 = 71。方框是 RM 71。检查：71 − 18.25 = 52.75。 例子：□ − RM 3.60 = RM 6.40 → 6.40 + 3.60 = RM 10。 注意：RM 34.50 是两数相减，方向错了。

the starting amount = nombor asal After taking away RM 18.25 there is RM 52.75 left, so the starting amount is 52.75 + 18.25. Sen: 75 + 25 = 100, write 00 and carry 1. Ringgit: 1 + 52 + 18 = 71. The box is RM 71. Check: 71 − 18.25 = 52.75. Example: □ − RM 3.60 = RM 6.40 → 6.40 + 3.60 = RM 10. Watch out: RM 34.50 is the two numbers subtracted, which goes the wrong way.

加回去找原数 = tambah semula 原来的数 = 245.60 + 154.40。sen：60 + 40 = 100，写 00 进 1。ringgit：1 + 245 + 154 = 400。方框是 RM 400。检查：400 − 154.40 = 245.60。 例子：□ − RM 75 = RM 125 → 125 + 75 = RM 200。 注意：sen 刚好凑成 100 时，答案是整数，写 RM 400。

adding back to find the start = tambah semula The starting amount is 245.60 + 154.40. Sen: 60 + 40 = 100, write 00 and carry 1. Ringgit: 1 + 245 + 154 = 400. The box is RM 400. Check: 400 − 154.40 = 245.60. Example: □ − RM 75 = RM 125 → 125 + 75 = RM 200. Watch out: when the sen make exactly 100, the answer is a whole amount, written RM 400.

读算盘 = baca abakus 算盘上：ribu 有 4，ratus 有 5（上珠一颗 = 5），puluh 和 sa 是 0，所以 Ali 有 RM 4 500。4 500 − 1 280：0 − 0 = 0；0 − 8 不够，借 1 → 10 − 8 = 2；4 − 2 = 2；4 − 1 = 3。余额 RM 3 220。 例子：算盘显示 2 300，花了 RM 800 → RM 1 500。 注意：靠近横梁的珠子才算数，上珠一颗代表 5。

reading the abacus = baca abakus On the abacus, the thousands show 4, the hundreds show 5 (one upper bead = 5), and the tens and ones are 0, so Ali has RM 4 500. 4 500 − 1 280: 0 − 0 = 0; 0 − 8 is not enough, borrow 1 → 10 − 8 = 2; 4 − 2 = 2; 4 − 1 = 3. The balance is RM 3 220. Example: the abacus shows 2 300 and RM 800 is spent → RM 1 500. Watch out: only beads pushed to the beam count, and one upper bead stands for 5.

整千减 = tolak daripada ribu bulat 算盘上只有 ribu 有 6（上珠 5 加下珠 1），其他是 0，所以有 RM 6 000。6 000 − 2 345：把 6 000 看成 5 999 + 1，5 999 − 2 345 = 3 654，再加 1 得 3 655。余额 RM 3 655。 例子：RM 3 000 − RM 1 250 → 2 999 − 1 250 = 1 749，加 1 → RM 1 750。 注意：从整千减，个位、十位、百位都要借，容易漏。

subtracting from a round thousand = tolak daripada ribu bulat On the abacus only the thousands rod shows 6 (an upper bead for 5 plus one lower bead), the rest are 0, so there is RM 6 000. 6 000 − 2 345: see 6 000 as 5 999 + 1, then 5 999 − 2 345 = 3 654, and adding the 1 gives 3 655. The balance is RM 3 655. Example: RM 3 000 − RM 1 250 → 2 999 − 1 250 = 1 749, plus 1 → RM 1 750. Watch out: subtracting from a round thousand needs borrowing in the ones, tens and hundreds, so it is easy to miss one.

找零 = baki wang 余额 = 有的钱 − 价钱。RM 100 看成 RM 99 和 100 sen。sen：100 − 45 = 55。ringgit：99 − 63 = 36。余额 RM 36.55。 例子：有 RM 50，买 RM 32.80 的东西 → 49 − 32 = 17，100 − 80 = 20 → RM 17.20。 注意：RM 37.55 是忘了 100 已经借出 1 ringgit。

change left = baki wang Balance = money we have − price. See RM 100 as RM 99 and 100 sen. Sen: 100 − 45 = 55. Ringgit: 99 − 63 = 36. The balance is RM 36.55. Example: with RM 50 and an item at RM 32.80 → 49 − 32 = 17 and 100 − 80 = 20 → RM 17.20. Watch out: RM 37.55 forgets that 1 ringgit was lent out of the 100.

买风扇后的余额 = baki selepas beli kipas RM 250 看成 RM 249 和 100 sen。sen：100 − 90 = 10。ringgit：249 − 187 = 62。余额 RM 62.10。检查：62.10 + 187.90 = 250。 例子：有 RM 150，付了 RM 98.50 → 149 − 98 = 51，100 − 50 = 50 → RM 51.50。 注意：10 sen 要写成 .10，不是 .1。

balance after buying the fan = baki selepas beli kipas See RM 250 as RM 249 and 100 sen. Sen: 100 − 90 = 10. Ringgit: 249 − 187 = 62. The balance is RM 62.10. Check: 62.10 + 187.90 = 250. Example: with RM 150 and a payment of RM 98.50 → 149 − 98 = 51 and 100 − 50 = 50 → RM 51.50. Watch out: 10 sen is written .10, not .1.

从 RM 1 000 减 = tolak daripada RM 1 000 RM 1 000 看成 RM 999 和 100 sen。sen：100 − 50 = 50。ringgit：999 − 649 = 350。余额 RM 350.50。检查：350.50 + 649.50 = 1 000。 例子：RM 1 000 − RM 720.25 → 999 − 720 = 279，100 − 25 = 75 → RM 279.75。 注意：RM 450.50 是百位减错了，999 − 649 是 350 不是 450。

subtracting from RM 1 000 = tolak daripada RM 1 000 See RM 1 000 as RM 999 and 100 sen. Sen: 100 − 50 = 50. Ringgit: 999 − 649 = 350. The balance is RM 350.50. Check: 350.50 + 649.50 = 1 000. Example: RM 1 000 − RM 720.25 → 999 − 720 = 279 and 100 − 25 = 75 → RM 279.75. Watch out: RM 450.50 has a mistake in the hundreds; 999 − 649 is 350, not 450.

整千减整数 = ribu bulat tolak nombor bulat 8 000 看成 7 999 + 1。7 999 − 5 125 = 2 874，再加 1 得 2 875。余额 RM 2 875。检查：2 875 + 5 125 = 8 000。 例子：RM 5 000 − RM 2 450 → 4 999 − 2 450 = 2 549，加 1 → RM 2 550。 注意：RM 3 875 是千位算错了，8 − 5 要先借 1 给百位。

round thousand minus a whole amount = ribu bulat tolak nombor bulat See 8 000 as 7 999 + 1. 7 999 − 5 125 = 2 874, and adding the 1 gives 2 875. The balance is RM 2 875. Check: 2 875 + 5 125 = 8 000. Example: RM 5 000 − RM 2 450 → 4 999 − 2 450 = 2 549, plus 1 → RM 2 550. Watch out: RM 3 875 has the thousands wrong; the 8 must lend 1 to the hundreds before subtracting 5.