Unit 1

Pecahan Wajar

Di kedai roti Pak Seman ada 8 biji roti. 3 daripadanya roti kelapa.
3 daripada 8 ialah tiga perlapan, ditulis 3/8.

分数、小数、百分比 = pecahan, perpuluhan, peratus 这一章学分数、小数和百分比，先学分数。8 个面包里有 3 个椰子面包，就是“八分之三”，写成 3/8。分数告诉我们整体里占了几份。例子：一盒 6 颗鸡蛋用掉 1 颗 → 用掉 1/6。注意：先数清楚一共有几个，再数要找的有几个。

fractions, decimals, percentages = pecahan, perpuluhan, peratus This chapter covers three kinds of numbers: fractions, decimals and percentages, starting with fractions. If 3 of 8 buns are coconut buns, we say 3 out of 8, read it as three eighths and write 3/8. A fraction tells how many parts of the whole we mean. Example: a box of 6 eggs, 1 egg used → 1/6 is used. Watch out: count how many there are in all first, then count the ones you want.

Di sekeliling kita

Pecahan, perpuluhan dan peratus

Cari nombor ini di kedai

Pecahan

3/8

roti kelapa

Perpuluhan

0.5 ℓ

sebotol air soya

Peratus

25%

diskaun kasut

认出三种数 = kenal pecahan, perpuluhan, peratus 分数有横线，上下各一个数，例如 3/8；小数中间有小点，例如 0.5 ℓ 豆奶；百分比带 % 符号，例如折扣 25%。例子：“半价”可写成 1/2；一包 0.3 kg 的糖用的是小数。注意：0.5 的小点不是句号，它分开整数部分和小数部分。

spot the three kinds = kenal pecahan, perpuluhan, peratus A fraction has a line with a number above and below, such as 3/8. A decimal has a dot, such as the 0.5 ℓ soya drink. A percentage ends with %, such as a 25% shoe discount. Example: half price can be written as 1/2; a 0.3 kg bag of sugar shows a decimal. Watch out: the dot in 0.5 is not a full stop; it separates the whole part from the decimal part.

Cuba

Kad harga manakah menunjukkan perpuluhan?

认出小数 = kenal perpuluhan 三种数要看符号来分辨：分数用一条横线把上下两个数隔开；百分比后面跟着 % 符号；小数的数字中间夹着一个小圆点。先找符号，再说出它是哪一种数。例子：一瓶酱油 0.8 ℓ → 有小圆点 → 小数。注意：百分比前面的数字没有小圆点，它不是小数。

spotting a decimal = kenal perpuluhan Tell the three kinds of numbers apart by their signs. A fraction has a line with one number above and one below. A percentage is followed by the % sign. A decimal has a small dot between its digits. Find the sign first, then name the kind of number. Example: a bottle of soy sauce holds 0.8 ℓ → it has a dot → a decimal. Watch out: the number in front of % has no dot, so it is not a decimal.

Pengangka dan penyebut

3 daripada 7 layang-layang

Ada 7 layang-layang. 3 berwarna hijau.

3/7

← pengangka← penyebut

3 daripada 7 ialah tiga pertujuh.

分子 = pengangka；分母 = penyebut 7 个风筝里有 3 个绿色，占 3/7。横线下面的 7 是分母，表示一共有几个；横线上面的 3 是分子，表示要找的有几个。读作“七分之三”。例子：9 张贴纸里有 4 张是星星 → 4/9，分子 4，分母 9。注意：分母写在下面，是总数，不是剩下的数目。

numerator = pengangka, denominator = penyebut 3 of the 7 kites are green, so the green kites are 3/7. The 7 below the line is the denominator: how many there are in all. The 3 above the line is the numerator: how many we are talking about. In Malay we say tiga pertujuh. Example: 4 of 9 stickers are stars → 4/9, numerator 4, denominator 9. Watch out: the denominator goes at the bottom and is the total, not the number left over.

Menyebut pecahan

Nama penyebut

Sebut: pengangka + per + penyebut

1/2 satu perdua

1/3 satu pertiga

1/4 satu perempat

1/5 satu perlima

1/6 satu perenam

1/7 satu pertujuh

1/8 satu perlapan

1/9 satu persembilan

1/10 satu persepuluh

5/6 = lima perenam 2/9 = dua persembilan

读分数 = menyebut pecahan 马来文先读分子，再读 per 加分母的名称，所以 5/6 读作 lima perenam。华文刚好相反，先读分母，说“六分之五”。例子：6/7 → enam pertujuh → 七分之六。注意：persembilan 是 9，persepuluh 是 10，别听错。

reading fractions = menyebut pecahan In Malay we say the numerator first, then per and the denominator: 2 is perdua, 3 is pertiga, 4 is perempat, and so on up to 10, persepuluh. So 5/6 is lima perenam and 2/9 is dua persembilan. Example: 6/7 → enam pertujuh. Watch out: persembilan means ninths and persepuluh means tenths; listen carefully because they sound alike.

Pecahan wajar

Pengangka lebih kecil

daripada penyebut

5/8 ialah pecahan wajar. Nilainya kurang daripada 1.

真分数 = pecahan wajar 分子比分母小的分数叫真分数，例如 5/8：8 格只涂了 5 格，还没有涂满，所以 5/8 比 1 小。如果 8 格全部涂满，就是 8/8，等于 1 个整体。真分数的值一定小于 1。例子：2/5、7/9、1/10 都是真分数。注意：分子等于或大于分母（例如 6/6、9/4）就不是真分数。

proper fraction = pecahan wajar A fraction whose numerator is smaller than its denominator is a proper fraction, such as 5/8: only 5 of the 8 boxes are shaded, so 5/8 is less than 1. When all 8 boxes are shaded we have 8/8, one whole. A proper fraction is always less than 1. Example: 2/5, 7/9 and 1/10 are all proper fractions. Watch out: when the numerator equals or is bigger than the denominator (6/6, 9/4) it is not a proper fraction.

Cuba

Manakah pecahan wajar?

判断真分数 = kenal pecahan wajar 比较上下两个数：上面的分子要比下面的分母小。看每个选项时，先找出分母（总份数），再看分子有没有超过或等于它。超过或等于，就不是真分数。例子：3/10 → 3 比 10 小 → 是真分数。注意：分子分母相同的分数等于 1，不算真分数。

choosing a proper fraction = kenal pecahan wajar Compare the two numbers: the numerator on top must be smaller than the denominator below. For each choice, find the denominator (the total parts) first, then check whether the numerator reaches or passes it. If it does, it is not a proper fraction. Example: 3/10 → 3 is smaller than 10 → proper. Watch out: a fraction with the same number on top and bottom equals 1, so it is not proper.

Yang bukan

5 ikan bukan jingga

Ada 6 ikan. 1 ikan jingga.

6 − 1 = 5 ikan bukan jingga
5 daripada 6 ialah lima perenam = 5/6

不是某颜色 = bukan berwarna 题目问“不是橙色”的有几分之几时，先用总数减去橙色的：6 − 1 = 5，所以 5 条鱼不是橙色。分母还是总数 6，分子是 5，答案 5/6。例子：10 支笔里 4 支是红色 → 不是红色的有 6 支 → 6/10。注意：bukan 这个字很重要，别直接写成 1/6。

not a colour = bukan berwarna When the question asks for the fish that are not orange, subtract the orange ones from the total: 6 − 1 = 5, so 5 fish are not orange. The denominator is still the total, 6, and the numerator is 5, giving 5/6. Example: 4 of 10 pens are red → 6 are not red → 6/10. Watch out: the word bukan matters; do not write 1/6 by mistake.

Cuba

Ada 10 biji guli. 3 biji berwarna biru. Berapakah pecahan guli yang bukan biru?

求“不是”的部分 = cari bahagian yang bukan 先算有几颗不是蓝色：用总数减去蓝色的颗数。分母一定是全部弹珠的数目，分子才是“不是蓝色”的颗数。例子：9 粒纽扣中 2 粒黑色 → 不是黑色的 7 粒 → 7/9。注意：分母不是剩下的数，而是全部；把两部分互相比较是常见错误。

finding the 'not' part = cari bahagian yang bukan First work out how many marbles are not blue by taking the blue ones away from the total. The denominator must be the number of all the marbles; the numerator is the number that are not blue. Example: 2 of 9 buttons are black → 7 are not black → 7/9. Watch out: the denominator is the whole group, not the leftover part; comparing one part with the other part is a common slip.

Padankan

Sebutan dan pecahan

读法配对 = padankan sebutan 马来文读法里，第一个数字是分子，per 后面的字告诉你分母是几。把分子写在上面、分母写在下面，就能找到配对。例子：tiga perlima → 3/5。注意：empat persembilan 的分子是 4，不要把 4 写在下面。

matching the names = padankan sebutan In the Malay name, the first number is the numerator and the word after per gives the denominator: pertiga is 3, perenam is 6, persembilan is 9, persepuluh is 10. Put the numerator on top and the denominator below to find each match. Example: tiga perlima → 3/5. Watch out: in empat persembilan the numerator is 4; do not put the 4 at the bottom.

Pecahan mengikut warna

Di dalam pasu ada 9 kuntum bunga: 4 merah, 3 kuning, 2 ungu. Berapakah pecahan bunga kuning?

多种颜色的分数 = pecahan mengikut warna 先把所有颜色加起来得到总数：4 + 3 + 2 = 9，这是分母。再数黄色有几朵，这是分子。红色和紫色的分数也一样算，分母都用同一个总数。例子：篮子里 2 个苹果、5 个橙、3 个梨 → 一共 10 个，梨占 3/10。注意：不要只用“其他颜色”的数目当分母。

fractions by colour = pecahan mengikut warna Add all the colours to get the total: 4 + 3 + 2 = 9, and that is the denominator. Then count the yellow flowers for the numerator. The red and purple fractions work the same way, all with the same total below the line. Example: a basket holds 2 apples, 5 oranges and 3 pears → 10 fruits, so pears are 3/10. Watch out: do not use only the number of other colours as the denominator.

Ringkasan

Syabas!

3/7 · pengangka < penyebut

Pengangka di atas, penyebut di bawah. Pecahan wajar mempunyai pengangka lebih kecil daripada penyebut, jadi nilainya kurang daripada 1.

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