Tolak

竖式减法 = tolak dalam bentuk lazim 把两个数的数位对齐，大的数在上面。从个位开始往左减：9−6=3，7−4=3，8−3=5，5−2=3。每一位上面的数字都比下面大，所以不必退位，直接减就可以。 例子：4 768 − 1 325 = 3 443。 注意：一定是上面的数字减下面的数字，不能反过来。

subtracting in columns = tolak dalam bentuk lazim Line up the places with the bigger number on top. Subtract from the ones to the left: 9−6=3, 7−4=3, 8−3=5, 5−2=3. Each top digit is bigger, so there is no regrouping. Example: 4 768 − 1 325 = 3 443. Watch out: always take the bottom digit away from the top digit, never the other way round.

用算盘减 = tolak dengan abakus 先拨出 7 865，再从千位开始减 2 335。千位拨去 2 颗下珠，百位拨去 3 颗下珠。十位是 6（上珠 + 1 颗下珠），要减 3，下珠不够。3 的小朋友数是 2：先拨上 2 颗下珠，再拨去上珠 5，等于减了 3，十位变成 3。个位减 5，拨去上珠。答案 5 530。 例子：个位是 5（只有上珠），要减 1 → kawan kecil 1 是 4 → 拨上 4、拨去 5 → 4。 注意：减法的 kawan kecil 是“先加朋友数，再拨去 5”，和加法的次序相反。

subtracting on an abacus = tolak dengan abakus Set 7 865, then take away 2 335 starting from the thousands. Thousands: take away 2 lower beads; hundreds: take away 3 lower beads. The tens rod shows 6 (the 5 bead and 1 lower bead) and we take away 3, but there are not enough lower beads. The small friend of 3 is 2: push up 2 lower beads, then take away the 5 bead; that takes away 3, and the tens rod shows 3. Ones: take away the 5 bead. The answer is 5 530. Example: the ones rod shows 5 (only the upper bead) and you take away 1 → small friend of 1 is 4 → push up 4, take away 5 → 4. Watch out: in subtraction a small friend means add the friend first, then take away 5, the opposite of addition.

减法用语 = bahasa tolak 这些马来文词语都表示减法：baki 是“剩下”；beza 是两个数的“相差”；lebih daripada 是“比……多”；kurang daripada 是“比……少”。它们的算法都一样：大的数减小的数。 例子：900 和 300 相差 600，所以 900 比 300 多 600，300 比 900 少 600。 注意：问“多多少”或“少多少”，都是用减法，不是加法。

subtraction words = bahasa tolak These Malay words all mean subtraction: baki is what is left; beza is the difference between two numbers; lebih daripada means more than; kurang daripada means less than. They are all worked out the same way: bigger number minus smaller number. Example: the difference between 900 and 300 is 600, so 900 is 600 more than 300 and 300 is 600 less than 900. Watch out: 'how many more' and 'how many fewer' both need subtraction, not addition.

用加法检查 = semak dengan tambah 加法和减法是相反的运算。减完以后，把答案加上刚才减掉的数，如果得到原来的数，答案就是对的：3 533 + 2 346 = 5 879 ✔。 例子：700 − 200 = 500，检查 500 + 200 = 700 ✔。 注意：检查时加的是“减掉的数”，不是原来的大数。

check by adding = semak dengan tambah Addition and subtraction undo each other. After subtracting, add the answer to the number you took away; if you get the starting number, the answer is right: 3 533 + 2 346 = 5 879 ✔. Example: 700 − 200 = 500; check 500 + 200 = 700 ✔. Watch out: add the number you took away, not the big starting number.

两位数对齐 = susun nombor dua digit 45 只有十位和个位：5 对齐个位 7，4 对齐十位 8。个位 7−5=2，十位 8−4=4，百位 9 和千位 6 不变。答案 6 942。 例子：3 568 − 23 = 3 545。 注意：不要把 45 对到千位和百位去，那样会减掉 4 500。

lining up a two-digit number = susun nombor dua digit 45 has only tens and ones: the 5 goes under the ones (7) and the 4 under the tens (8). Ones 7−5=2, tens 8−4=4, and the hundreds 9 and thousands 6 stay. The answer is 6 942. Example: 3 568 − 23 = 3 545. Watch out: do not line 45 up with the thousands and hundreds; that would take away 4 500.

相差 = beza “beza” 是两个数相差多少，要用大的数减小的数：8 764 − 3 520。个位 4−0=4，十位 6−2=4，百位 7−5=2，千位 8−3=5。相差 5 244。 例子：5 600 和 2 400 相差 3 200。 注意：beza 不是把两个数加起来。

difference = beza Beza is how far apart two numbers are, so subtract the smaller from the bigger: 8 764 − 3 520. Ones 4−0=4, tens 6−2=4, hundreds 7−5=2, thousands 8−3=5. The difference is 5 244. Example: the difference between 5 600 and 2 400 is 3 200. Watch out: beza does not mean adding the two numbers.

求减数 = cari nombor yang ditolak 从 4 768 减去一个数得到 4 125，那么减掉的数就是两个数的相差：4 768 − 4 125 = 643。 例子：900 − ? = 600 → 900 − 600 = 300。 注意：检查 4 768 − 643 = 4 125。

find the number taken away = cari nombor yang ditolak If taking a number from 4 768 leaves 4 125, the number taken away is the difference: 4 768 − 4 125 = 643. Example: 900 − ? = 600 → 900 − 600 = 300. Watch out: check that 4 768 − 643 = 4 125.