Tambah

竖式 = bentuk lazim；数位 = nilai tempat 用竖式计算时，个位对个位、十位对十位、百位对百位、千位对千位。从个位开始往左加：4+2=6，1+5=6，2+0=2，3+1=4。每一位的和都不超过 9，所以不必进位。 例子：5 123 + 2 604 = 7 727。 注意：数位没对齐，答案就会完全错。

column method = bentuk lazim, place value = nilai tempat In the column method, ones go under ones, tens under tens, hundreds under hundreds and thousands under thousands. Add from the ones to the left: 4+2=6, 1+5=6, 2+0=2, 3+1=4. Each sum is 9 or less, so there is no regrouping. Example: 5 123 + 2 604 = 7 727. Watch out: if the places are not lined up, the answer will be wrong.

往上数 = bilang terus；数线 = garis nombor 加一个很小的数时，可以从大的数开始往上数。从 4 523 开始，在数线上跳 5 步：4 524、4 525、4 526、4 527、4 528。跳了几步就是加了几。 例子：6 140 + 3 → 6 141、6 142、6 143 → 6 143。 注意：从 4 523 开始，第一跳才是 4 524，起点本身不算一步。

count on = bilang terus, number line = garis nombor To add a small number, start from the big number and count on. From 4 523, jump 5 steps on the number line: 4 524, 4 525, 4 526, 4 527, 4 528. The number of jumps is the number you add. Example: 6 140 + 3 → 6 141, 6 142, 6 143 → 6 143. Watch out: start at 4 523; the first jump lands on 4 524, and the starting point is not a jump.

算盘 = abakus；上珠 = manik atas；下珠 = manik bawah 课本用的算盘每一档有 1 颗上珠和 4 颗下珠。上珠一颗代表 5，下珠一颗代表 1。只有靠近横梁的珠子才算数。从左到右是千位、百位、十位、个位。这个算盘：千位 2，百位 5+2=7，十位 0，个位 5+4=9，所以是 2 709。 例子：某一档拨上 1 颗上珠和 3 颗下珠，就是 5 + 3 = 8。 注意：离开横梁的珠子不算数，而且上珠是 5，不能当成 1 来数。

abacus = abakus, upper bead = manik atas, lower bead = manik bawah The textbook abacus has 1 upper bead and 4 lower beads on each rod. The upper bead is worth 5 and each lower bead is worth 1. Only beads pushed against the bar count. From the left the rods are thousands, hundreds, tens and ones. Here: thousands 2, hundreds 5+2=7, tens 0, ones 5+4=9, so the number is 2 709. Example: 1 upper bead and 3 lower beads on a rod make 5 + 3 = 8. Watch out: beads away from the bar do not count, and the upper bead is 5, not 1.

用算盘加 = tambah dengan abakus 先在算盘上拨出第一个数 1 520，再从千位开始，一档一档把 6 173 加上去：千位加 6（拨下上珠，再拨上 1 颗下珠），百位加 1，十位加 7（上珠 + 2 颗下珠），个位加 3。最后读出算盘上的数：7 693。这一题每一档的珠子都够用，直接拨上就可以。 例子：2 101 + 5 062 → 千位拨上 5，十位拨上 6，个位拨上 2 → 7 163。 注意：用算盘加法是从千位开始拨，但读答案时还是千、百、十、个的次序。

adding on an abacus = tambah dengan abakus Set the first number 1 520 on the abacus, then add 6 173 rod by rod starting from the thousands: thousands +6 (push up 1 upper and 1 lower bead), hundreds +1, tens +7 (the upper bead and 2 lower beads), ones +3. Read the abacus: 7 693. Here every rod has enough beads, so you just push them to the bar. Example: 2 101 + 5 062 → thousands +5, tens +6, ones +2 → 7 163. Watch out: on the abacus you start adding at the thousands, but you still read the answer thousands, hundreds, tens, ones.

约数 = anggar；合理 = munasabah 算完后，把每个数约到最接近的百，再心算一次，看看答案是不是差不多。2 310 约成 2 300，4 480 约成 4 500，2 300 + 4 500 = 6 800。真实答案 6 790 和 6 800 只差 10，所以合理。 例子：1 840 + 3 120 → 约 1 800 + 3 100 = 4 900，真实答案 4 960 很接近。 注意：约到千太粗了：2 000 + 4 000 = 6 000，和 6 790 差很多，就看不出答案对不对。

estimate = anggar, reasonable = munasabah After adding, round each number to the nearest hundred and add again in your head to see if the answer is close. 2 310 rounds to 2 300 and 4 480 rounds to 4 500, so the estimate is 2 300 + 4 500 = 6 800. The real answer 6 790 is only 10 away, so it is reasonable. Example: 1 840 + 3 120 → about 1 800 + 3 100 = 4 900; the real answer 4 960 is close. Watch out: rounding to thousands is too rough here: 2 000 + 4 000 = 6 000 is far from 6 790, so it cannot tell you if the answer is right.

两位数 = nombor dua digit 46 只有十位和个位，所以 4 要对齐 5 132 的十位（3），6 要对齐个位（2）。个位 2+6=8，十位 3+4=7，百位和千位不变。 例子：2 401 + 35 = 2 436。 注意：不要把 46 写在千位和百位下面。

two-digit number = nombor dua digit 46 has only tens and ones, so the 4 goes under the tens (3) of 5 132 and the 6 goes under the ones (2). Ones 2+6=8, tens 3+4=7, and the hundreds and thousands stay the same. Example: 2 401 + 35 = 2 436. Watch out: do not write 46 under the thousands and hundreds.

找错 = cari kesilapan Mira 把 305 往左移了一位，把 3 当成了千。305 是三百零五：3 在百位、0 在十位、5 在个位。重新对齐后：个位 3+5=8，十位 1+0=1，百位 4+3=7，千位 2。 例子：1 204 + 402 = 1 606（4 在百位下面）。 注意：三位数的第一个数字在百位。

find the mistake = cari kesilapan Mira moved 305 one place to the left and treated the 3 as thousands. 305 is three hundred and five: 3 hundreds, 0 tens, 5 ones. Lined up correctly: ones 3+5=8, tens 1+0=1, hundreds 4+3=7, thousands 2. Example: 1 204 + 402 = 1 606 (the 4 goes under the hundreds). Watch out: the first digit of a three-digit number is in the hundreds place.

缺少的加数 = nombor yang hilang 比较前后两个数的每一位：千位和百位没变，所以要加的数没有千和百；十位从 0 变 5，要加 5 个十；个位从 4 变 7，要加 3 个一。所以缺少的数是 53。 例子：3 120 + ? = 3 145 → 加了 25。 注意：可以用 6 204 + 53 检查是不是等于 6 257。

missing number = nombor yang hilang Compare each place: thousands and hundreds do not change, so the missing number has none. Tens go from 0 to 5 (add 5 tens) and ones go from 4 to 7 (add 3 ones). The missing number is 53. Example: 3 120 + ? = 3 145 → 25 was added. Watch out: check by working out 6 204 + 53 = 6 257.