Unit 23

Budaya Usahawan

Budaya usahawan bermaksud sikap rajin berusaha, kreatif dan berani mencuba. Usahawan membandingkan pilihan, belajar daripada kesilapan dan tidak mudah berputus asa.
Dalam unit ini: membandingkan, membaca cerita usahawan, membetulkan kesalahan, lirik, kata ganda, ayat seruan dan ayat perintah.

企业家文化 = budaya usahawan；创意 = kreatif；放弃 = berputus asa 企业家文化是一种做人做事的态度：勤奋、有创意、敢尝试，失败了也不轻易放弃。这一单元会比较两种饮料哪个好卖、读美发店老板的故事、改正别人写错的段落，并学重叠词、感叹句和祈使句。例子：学校创业日，同学们自己算成本、定价钱，学会做小生意。注意：usahawan 是“企业家、创业的人”，不只是开大公司的人。

entrepreneurial culture = budaya usahawan; creative = kreatif; give up = berputus asa Entrepreneurial culture is an attitude: working hard, being creative, daring to try, and not giving up after a failure. In this unit we compare which drink sells better, read about a salon owner, correct a paragraph full of mistakes, and learn repeated words, exclamations and command sentences. Example: on the school's entrepreneurship day, pupils work out costs and prices for their own little stall. Watch out: usahawan means anyone who starts a business, not only owners of big companies.

Mendengar dan Bertutur

Bijak berniaga: membandingkan

Air kotak atau air bancuhan sendiri?

Air kotak

dibeli daripada pemborong
modal lebih tinggi
tahan lama dan mudah disimpan

Persamaan

minuman sejuk
boleh dijual di gerai

Air bancuhan sendiri

modal rendah
keuntungan lebih banyak
mesti habis dijual pada hari itu

"Air kotak lebih tahan lama manakala air bancuhan sendiri lebih menguntungkan."

批发商 = pemborong；本钱 = modal；利润 = keuntungan；耐放 = tahan lama 比较两样东西时，先说相同点，再说不同点。盒装饮料向批发商买，本钱较高但放得久；自己冲泡的饮料本钱低、赚得多，可是当天要卖完。说明时可以用 manakala（而）把两边连起来。例子：Basikal lebih murah manakala motosikal lebih laju. 脚车比较便宜，而摩托车比较快。注意：选哪一种要看情况，例如卖几天、有没有冰箱。

wholesaler = pemborong; capital = modal; profit = keuntungan; long-lasting = tahan lama When comparing two things, say what they share first, then how they differ. Boxed drinks bought from a wholesaler need more capital but keep for a long time; home-mixed drinks need little capital and give more profit, but must be sold the same day. The word manakala, meaning whereas, links the two sides. Example: Basikal lebih murah manakala motosikal lebih laju means a bicycle is cheaper whereas a motorcycle is faster. Watch out: the better choice depends on the situation, such as how many days you sell or whether you have a fridge.

Mendengar dan Bertutur · Soalan 1

Jualan diadakan selama tiga hari. Mengapakah air kotak lebih sesuai?

三天 = tiga hari；特征 = ciri；自己做 = dibuat sendiri 义卖要办三天，卖不完的饮料要留到第二天、第三天。盒装饮料耐放，不容易坏，所以适合。它的本钱其实比较高，并不是最便宜；而且它是向批发商买的，不是自己做的。例子：去远足带罐装饼干，因为放几天也不会坏。注意：要回到比较表找答案，别凭感觉猜。

three days = tiga hari; feature = ciri; home-made = dibuat sendiri The sale runs for three days, so unsold drinks must last until the second and third day. Boxed drinks keep well without spoiling, which makes them suitable. They actually cost more capital, so they are not the cheapest, and they are bought from a wholesaler, not made at home. Example: for a camping trip we pack biscuits in tins because they stay fresh for days. Watch out: go back to the comparison chart for the answer instead of guessing.

Membaca

Cerita seorang usahawan

Salun Puan Rosnah

Dari Rumah ke Cawangan

Semasa menunggu ibunya, Mei Ling berbual dengan Puan Rosnah, pemilik salun Muslimah itu. Dahulu, Puan Rosnah belajar dandanan rambut di sebuah kolej.

Selepas itu, dia membuka salun kecil di rumahnya. Pelanggannya hanya jiran-jiran. Dia sering menyertai pertandingan peragaan rambut. Akhirnya, dia menang johan.

Namanya semakin dikenali. Kini, Puan Rosnah mempunyai tiga cawangan salun. Dia berpesan, "Jangan takut mencuba, dan teruslah belajar."

Urutan: belajar → salun di rumah → menang pertandingan → buka cawangan

美发 = dandanan rambut；发型展示 = peragaan rambut；分行 = cawangan 故事讲 Puan Rosnah 的创业路：先在学院学美发，再在家里开小发廊，常参加发型比赛，后来得了冠军，名气变大，现在有三间分店。复述时照先后顺序讲，并用自己的话，不必背原句。例子：“她先学美发，然后在家开店……”就是好的复述开头。注意：salun Muslimah 是专为穆斯林女性服务、注重隐私的发廊。

hairdressing = dandanan rambut; hairstyle show = peragaan rambut; branch = cawangan The story follows Puan Rosnah's business journey: she studies hairdressing at a college, opens a small salon at home, often joins hairstyle competitions, finally wins first place, becomes well known, and now runs three branches. When retelling, keep the order of events and use your own words instead of memorising sentences. Example: she studied hairdressing first, then opened a salon at home, is a good way to begin a retelling. Watch out: a salun Muslimah serves Muslim women and pays special attention to privacy.

Membaca · Soalan 2

Apakah yang berlaku selepas Puan Rosnah menang?

冠军 = johan；之后 = selepas；比赛 = pertandingan 照故事的顺序：学美发是最早发生的，在家开店是第二步，得冠军之后名气变大，才开了分店。所以得奖之后发生的是开分店。另外两件事都发生在得奖以前。例子：先播种、再浇水、最后收成，收成一定在浇水之后。注意：题目问 selepas（之后），要往故事后面找。

champion = johan; after = selepas; competition = pertandingan Following the story's order, studying hairdressing came first, the home salon came second, and only after winning and becoming famous did she open branches. So opening branches is what happened after the win; the other two events took place before it. Example: we sow, then water, and finally harvest, so harvesting always comes after watering. Watch out: the question asks about selepas, after, so look later in the story.

Menulis

Membetulkan kesalahan

Ejaan, tanda baca dan imbuhan

Ejaan

Pak Long menjadi ~~peraeh~~ → peraih udang geragau.

Tanda baca

belacan cencaluk dan kerepek udang → belacan, cencaluk dan kerepek udang.

Imbuhan

Dia ~~menbeli~~ → membeli udang daripada nelayan.

Di mana ada kemahuan, di situ ada jalan.

订正 = membetulkan；收购商 = peraih；虾膏 = belacan；腌小虾 = cencaluk 改错时检查三样：拼写、标点、词缀。peraih（向渔夫收购海产再转卖的人）常被拼错；列举三样以上的东西要加逗号，句尾要句号；me- 碰到 b 要变成 mem-，所以是 membeli。例子：Saya menbaca buku. → Saya membaca buku. 注意：Di mana ada kemahuan, di situ ada jalan 是谚语，意思是“有志者事竟成”。

correct = membetulkan; middleman buyer = peraih; shrimp paste = belacan; fermented shrimp = cencaluk When correcting writing, check three things: spelling, punctuation and affixes. Peraih, a buyer who collects seafood from fishermen to resell, is often misspelt; a list of three or more items needs commas, and every sentence needs a full stop; me- becomes mem- before b, so the correct form is membeli. Example: Saya menbaca buku should be Saya membaca buku. Watch out: Di mana ada kemahuan, di situ ada jalan is a proverb meaning where there is a will, there is a way.

Menulis · Soalan 3

Ayat manakah ditulis dengan betul?

小虾 = udang geragau；动词 = kata kerja；大写 = huruf besar 三句只差一点点。menbeli 的词缀错了，me- 遇到 b 开头的词要变成 mem-。小写 pak 也错了，因为它在句子开头，又是称呼的一部分，要大写。正确的句子词缀、大写、句号都没问题。例子：me + baca = membaca；me + bawa = membawa。注意：udang geragau 是做虾膏用的小虾，普通名词不用大写。

tiny shrimp = udang geragau; verb = kata kerja; capital letter = huruf besar The three sentences differ only slightly. Menbeli has the wrong affix, because me- becomes mem- before words starting with b. A small p in pak is also wrong, since it starts the sentence and is part of a title. The correct sentence gets the affix, capitals and full stop right. Example: me + baca gives membaca and me + bawa gives membawa. Watch out: udang geragau are the tiny shrimps used for belacan; as a common noun it is not capitalised.

Seni Bahasa

Lirik semangat usahawan

Fahami maksud, kemudian ganti perkataan.

Semangat Usahawan

Usahawan muda bertekad dan gigih,

cabaran dihadapi tidak mudah letih,

prinsip hidup jujur, bekerja sepakat,

usaha yang ikhlas membawa berkat.

bertekad

berazam kuat

cabaran

masalah yang perlu diatasi

prinsip hidup

pegangan dalam hidup

sepakat

bersatu dan bersetuju

歌词 = lirik；决心 = bertekad；挑战 = cabaran；团结一致 = sepakat 这段歌词讲年轻企业家的精神：下定决心、勤奋、遇到挑战不喊累、做人诚实、大家团结。我们只要有节奏地朗读，理解每个词的意思，再试着换词，例如把 gigih 换成 rajin，句子意思还要通顺。例子：prinsip hidup jujur 意思是“做人的原则是诚实”。注意：换词时，新词的意思要和原来的相近。

lyrics = lirik; determined = bertekad; challenge = cabaran; united = sepakat These lyrics describe the spirit of a young entrepreneur: determined and hardworking, never tired of facing challenges, honest in principle, and working as a team. We read them with rhythm, understand each key word, then try swapping words, for example gigih with rajin, while keeping the meaning smooth. Example: prinsip hidup jujur means honesty is the person's guiding principle in life. Watch out: when swapping, the new word should have a meaning close to the old one.

Seni Bahasa · Soalan 4

Apakah maksud sepakat?

团结一致 = sepakat；独自 = seorang diri；吵架 = bergaduh bekerja sepakat 是大家意见一致、一起合作。独自工作刚好相反，没有合作；互相吵架更是不团结。要从歌词前后的意思判断：诚实、合作，才会带来好结果。例子：Penduduk kampung sepakat membina jambatan baharu. 村民同心协力建新桥。注意：sepakat 和 sepak（踢）没有关系。

united in agreement = sepakat; alone = seorang diri; quarrel = bergaduh Bekerja sepakat means everyone agrees and works together. Working alone is the opposite, with no teamwork, and quarrelling shows no unity at all. The rest of the lyrics, about honesty and teamwork bringing blessings, points to the right meaning. Example: Penduduk kampung sepakat membina jambatan baharu means the villagers agree and work together to build a new bridge. Watch out: sepakat has nothing to do with sepak, which means to kick.

Tatabahasa

Kata ganda

Jualan amal PIBG

PIBG mengadakan jualan amal. Guru-guru membantu memasang khemah-khemah. Gegantung berwarna-warni digantung di setiap gerai. Suasana riuh-rendah. Para peniaga melayan pelanggan dengan ramah-tamah.

Ganda penuh

guru-guru, barang-barang, khemah-khemah, gerai-gerai

Ganda separa

lelaki, gegantung, jejari

Ganda berentak

ramah-tamah, riuh-rendah, beli-belah

重叠词 = kata ganda；完全重叠 = ganda penuh；部分重叠 = ganda separa；押韵重叠 = ganda berentak 完全重叠是整个词重复，表示很多，例如 gerai-gerai。部分重叠只重复开头的音节，例如 gegantung（挂饰）。押韵重叠后半部的声音会变，例如 riuh-rendah。例子：妈妈去超市购物，可以说 Ibu pergi beli-belah。注意：部分重叠词不加连字号，例如 lelaki。

repeated word = kata ganda; full repetition = ganda penuh; partial repetition = ganda separa; rhyming repetition = ganda berentak Full repetition repeats the whole word to show many, as in gerai-gerai. Partial repetition repeats only the first syllable, so gantung becomes gegantung, a hanging decoration. Rhyming repetition changes the sound of the second half, as in riuh-rendah for noisy and lively, or ramah-tamah for friendly. Example: Ibu ke pasar raya untuk beli-belah means Mother goes to the supermarket to shop. Watch out: partially repeated words such as lelaki have no hyphen.

Tatabahasa · Soalan 5

Manakah kata ganda berentak?

热闹嘈杂 = riuh-rendah；摊位 = gerai；挂饰 = gegantung riuh 和 rendah 声音不一样，但念起来有节奏，这就是押韵重叠。gerai-gerai 前后完全一样，是完全重叠；gegantung 只重复了 gantung 开头的音，是部分重叠。例子：lauk-pauk、sayur-mayur 也是押韵重叠。注意：先看后半部分是不是和前半部分一模一样。

noisy and lively = riuh-rendah; stall = gerai; hanging decoration = gegantung Riuh and rendah sound different yet rhythmic together, which is rhyming repetition. Gerai-gerai repeats exactly, so it is full repetition, and gegantung repeats only the first sound of gantung, so it is partial repetition. Example: lauk-pauk and sayur-mayur are also rhyming repeated words. Watch out: first check whether the second half is exactly the same as the first.

Tatabahasa

Ayat seruan

Meluahkan perasaan

Hai

menegur: Hai, Nabila! Kamu sedang membaca apa?

Wah

kagum: Wah, hebatnya usahawan itu!

Oh

faham atau sedih: Oh, begitu rupanya!

Eh

terkejut: Eh, buku saya hilang!

感叹句 = ayat seruan；感叹词 = kata seruan；惊叹号 = tanda seru 感叹句用来表达心情，例如高兴、惊讶、佩服。句子开头放感叹词：Hai 用来打招呼，Wah 表示惊叹，Oh 表示明白了或难过，Eh 表示吃惊。感叹词后面加逗号，整句最后要用惊叹号。例子：Wah, cantiknya gerai itu! 哇，那个摊位好漂亮！注意：感叹句最后不能用句号。

exclamatory sentence = ayat seruan; interjection = kata seruan; exclamation mark = tanda seru An exclamatory sentence shows a feeling such as joy, surprise or admiration. It starts with an interjection: Hai to greet, Wah to show amazement, Oh for understanding or sadness, and Eh for surprise. Put a comma after the interjection and end the sentence with an exclamation mark. Example: Wah, cantiknya gerai itu! means wow, that stall is beautiful! Watch out: an exclamatory sentence never ends with a full stop.

Tatabahasa · Soalan 6

Pilih kata seruan yang sesuai.

________, cantiknya hiasan gerai itu!

感叹词 = kata seruan；装饰 = hiasan；佩服 = kagum 句子后半部分是“摊位的装饰真漂亮！”，表示惊叹，所以开头要用感叹词 Wah。Jemput 和 Usah 是祈使词，用来邀请或劝阻别人，不能表达惊叹的心情。例子：Wah, pandainya kamu melukis! 哇，你画得真好！注意：句尾有惊叹号，通常提示这是感叹句。

interjection = kata seruan; decoration = hiasan; admiration = kagum The rest of the sentence praises how beautiful the stall decorations are, so it shows amazement and needs the interjection Wah. Jemput and Usah are command words used to invite or forbid, so they cannot express a feeling of wonder. Example: Wah, pandainya kamu melukis! means wow, you draw so well! Watch out: an exclamation mark at the end usually signals an exclamatory sentence.

Tatabahasa

Ayat perintah

Lawatan ke rumah warga emas

Murid melawat rumah warga emas bersama seorang dermawan. Cikgu berkata, "Penuhkan tempat duduk di hadapan dahulu." Penjaga berkata, "Jemput minum, anak-anak." Dermawan itu berpesan, "Usah bising di dalam bilik rehat."

Suruhan

Penuhkan tempat duduk.

Larangan

Usah bising.

Silaan

Jemput minum.

Permintaan

Harap beratur.

祈使句 = ayat perintah；慈善家 = dermawan；老人院 = rumah warga emas 祈使句分四种：命令句直接用动词，例如 Penuhkan（坐满）；劝阻句用 jangan、usah；邀请句用 sila、jemput；请求句用 tolong、minta、harap。学生探访老人院时，老师、看护和慈善家各说了一句不同的祈使句。例子：Harap simpan kasut di rak. 请把鞋子放在架子上。注意：对长辈要多用 jemput、tolong 这些客气的词。

command sentence = ayat perintah; philanthropist = dermawan; old folks' home = rumah warga emas There are four kinds of command sentences: an order uses the verb directly, such as Penuhkan; a prohibition uses jangan or usah; an invitation uses sila or jemput; a request uses tolong, minta or harap. During a visit to an old folks' home, the teacher, the caretaker and the philanthropist each use a different kind. Example: Harap simpan kasut di rak asks visitors to keep their shoes on the rack. Watch out: with elders, prefer polite words like jemput and tolong.

Tatabahasa · Soalan 7

Ayat manakah ayat silaan?

邀请句 = ayat silaan；排队 = beratur；吵 = bising 三句都是祈使句，要看开头的词。Jemput 是恭敬地请奶奶喝饮料，属于邀请句。Usah 是叫弟弟不要吵，属于劝阻句；Harap 是希望学生排队，属于请求句。例子：Sila duduk, tuan. 先生，请坐。注意：sila 和 jemput 都是邀请，tolong 和 harap 才是请求。

invitation sentence = ayat silaan; queue = beratur; noisy = bising All three are command sentences, so check the opening word. Jemput respectfully invites Grandmother to have a drink, making it an invitation. Usah tells the little one not to be noisy, which is a prohibition, and Harap asks pupils to queue, which is a request. Example: Sila duduk, tuan means please have a seat, sir. Watch out: sila and jemput invite, while tolong and harap make requests.

Ringkasan

Syabas!

Usahawan gigih, rajin dan kreatif.

Kita belajar membandingkan, menceritakan semula, membetulkan ejaan, tanda baca dan imbuhan, memahami lirik, kata ganda penuh, separa dan berentak, ayat seruan serta ayat perintah.

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