Unit 19

Pertanian Sumber Pendapatan

Petani bukan sahaja menanam untuk makan sendiri. Hasil jagung, cili padi, sayur dan beras wangi boleh dijual. Pertanian menjadi sumber pendapatan keluarga.
Dalam unit ini: ayat silaan, ayat larangan, idea utama, sajak, kata adjektif dan kata hubung.

农业 = pertanian；收入来源 = sumber pendapatan；农民 = petani 这一单元的主题是农业怎样帮家庭赚钱。农民种玉米、小辣椒、蔬菜和香米，收成可以卖到市场或工厂，成为家里的收入。我们会一边认识这些农作物，一边学邀请句、劝阻句、找段落大意、写短诗、形容词和连词。例子：Puan Salmah 把一园的玉米卖给饲料厂，赚到的钱用来供孩子上学。注意：pendapatan 是“收入”，不是“发现”；不要和 penemuan 弄混。

agriculture = pertanian; source of income = sumber pendapatan; farmer = petani This unit shows how farming earns money for a family. Farmers grow corn, bird's eye chillies, vegetables and fragrant rice, then sell the harvest to markets or factories. Along the way we learn invitation and prohibition sentences, main ideas, a short poem, adjectives and joining words. Example: Puan Salmah sells a whole field of corn to an animal feed factory and uses the money for her children's schooling. Watch out: pendapatan means income; do not confuse it with penemuan, which means a discovery.

Mendengar dan Bertutur

Ayat silaan dan ayat larangan

Lawatan ke ladang jagung bijirin

Puan Salmah: Selamat datang, Encik Ravi. Silakan duduk di pondok ini dahulu.

Encik Ravi: Terima kasih, puan. Jagung bijirin puan subur sekali.

Puan Salmah: Saya risau, hujan lambat turun tahun ini.

Encik Ravi: Jangan risau, puan. Kami boleh membantu memasang paip air. Jemput puan hadir ke kursus keusahawanan pertanian minggu depan.

Puan Salmah: Baiklah, saya akan hadir. Terima kasih.

Ayat silaan

sila, silakan, jemput
Balas: "Terima kasih, saya akan datang."

Ayat larangan

jangan, usah
Balas: "Baiklah, saya tidak akan buat begitu."

邀请句 = ayat silaan；劝阻句 = ayat larangan；企业家培训 = kursus keusahawanan 邀请句用 sila、silakan、jemput，礼貌地请人做某事；劝阻句用 jangan、usah，叫人不要做。听到邀请要道谢；听到劝阻要表示会照做。例子：“Jemput puan hadir” 是邀请；“Jangan risau” 是劝人别担心。注意：jagung bijirin 是收谷粒做饲料的玉米，不是路边卖的甜玉米。

invitation sentence = ayat silaan; prohibition sentence = ayat larangan; entrepreneurship course = kursus keusahawanan Encik Ravi, a farming officer, visits Puan Salmah's grain corn field. Invitation sentences use sila, silakan or jemput to politely ask someone to do something. Prohibition sentences use jangan or usah to tell someone not to do something. We thank the speaker for an invitation, and we agree to follow a prohibition. Example: inviting the farmer to attend the course is an ayat silaan, while telling her not to worry is an ayat larangan. Watch out: jagung bijirin is corn grown for its dry grain, not the sweet corn sold by the roadside.

Mendengar dan Bertutur · Soalan 1

Ayat manakah ayat larangan?

劝阻词 = usah / jangan；摘 = petik；煮玉米 = jagung rebus 三个句子都跟摘玉米、吃玉米有关，要看句子开头的词。sila 和 jemput 是邀请别人做；usah 和 jangan 一样，是叫人不要做。所以说“不要摘那些嫩玉米”的句子才是劝阻句。例子：Usah bermain di tepi parit. 意思是“不要在水沟边玩”。注意：usah 比较文雅，常用在诗和正式场合，意思跟 jangan 相同。

word of prohibition = usah / jangan; pick = petik; boiled corn = jagung rebus All three sentences are about picking or eating corn, so look at the opening word. Sila and jemput invite someone to do something, while usah, like jangan, tells someone not to do it. Only the sentence telling us not to pick the young corn is a prohibition. Example: Usah bermain di tepi parit means do not play beside the drain. Watch out: usah sounds a little more formal and poetic, but it means the same as jangan.

Mendengar dan Bertutur · Soalan 2

Encik Ravi: “Jemput adik minum air kelapa ini.” Apakah balasan yang sopan?

回应 = balas；有礼貌 = sopan；椰水 = air kelapa Encik Ravi 用 jemput 请我们喝椰水，这是邀请句。礼貌的回应是先道谢。用 jangan 回答，会变成叫对方不要喝，意思完全不对；大声说“我不要那个！”则很没礼貌。例子：Mak cik berkata, “Silakan masuk.” 我们回答：“Terima kasih, mak cik.” 注意：就算不想要，也可以说 “Terima kasih, saya sudah kenyang.” 婉拒。

reply = balas; polite = sopan; coconut water = air kelapa Encik Ravi uses jemput to offer us coconut water, so this is an invitation. The polite reply starts with thanks. Answering with jangan wrongly tells him not to drink, and shouting that we do not want it is rude. Example: when an aunt says silakan masuk, we answer terima kasih, mak cik. Watch out: if you do not want it, you can still decline kindly by saying thank you, you are already full.

Membaca

Idea utama dan idea sampingan

Baca petikan, kemudian cari isi penting setiap perenggan.

Usahawan Cili Padi

Encik Rahim ialah usahawan cili padi yang berjaya. Ladangnya di Kota Belud seluas dua ekar. Setiap minggu, dia memetik ratusan kilogram cili padi.

Encik Rahim juga membuat sos cili. Cili padi dikisar bersama bawang putih dan cuka. Sos itu dijual di kedai runcit dan pasar raya.

Kini, Encik Rahim menjalankan usaha sama dengan petani lain. Mereka menjadi pembekal cili padi kepada kilang makanan.

Idea utama

isi paling penting
(ayat bergaris)

Idea sampingan

ayat yang menerangkan idea utama

主要思想 = idea utama；次要思想 = idea sampingan；供应商 = pembekal；合作 = usaha sama 每一段都有一个最重要的意思，叫 idea utama，通常在第一句，这里用底线标出。后面几句是补充说明的细节，叫 idea sampingan。读完一段，先问自己：“这一段主要在讲什么？” 例子：第二段主要讲 Encik Rahim 做辣椒酱；“用蒜头和醋一起打碎”只是做法细节。注意：idea utama 不一定最长，最长的句子常常只是细节。

main idea = idea utama; supporting idea = idea sampingan; supplier = pembekal; joint venture = usaha sama Each paragraph has one most important point, the main idea, which usually sits in the opening sentence and is underlined here. The sentences after it add details and are called supporting ideas. After reading a paragraph, ask yourself what it is mainly about. Example: the paragraph about chilli sauce is mainly about Encik Rahim making sauce; grinding chillies with garlic and vinegar is only a detail. Watch out: the main idea is not always the longest sentence; long sentences are often just details.

Membaca · Soalan 3

Apakah idea utama perenggan kedua?

第二段 = perenggan kedua；辣椒酱 = sos cili；超市 = pasar raya 第二段三句都讲辣椒酱。哪一句把整段的意思包起来？“Encik Rahim 做辣椒酱”是总的意思；“在超市卖”和“和醋一起打碎”是说明卖在哪里、怎么做，属于次要细节。例子：一段讲“妈妈很会煮饭”，后面说她会煮咖喱、会做蛋糕，主要思想是“很会煮饭”。注意：先找概括全段的那句，再看其他句子是不是在补充它。

second paragraph = perenggan kedua; chilli sauce = sos cili; supermarket = pasar raya All three sentences in that paragraph are about chilli sauce. Which one sums up the whole paragraph? Encik Rahim making chilli sauce is the big point, while selling it in supermarkets and grinding it with vinegar are smaller details that explain it. Example: if a paragraph says Mother cooks well and then lists curry and cake, the main idea is that she cooks well. Watch out: find the sentence that covers the whole paragraph, then check that the others support it.

Menulis

Peta buih berganda

Tanaman biasa dan tanaman akuaponik

Tanaman biasa

ditanam di dalam tanah
diberi baja biasa
kadang-kadang disembur racun

Persamaan

menghasilkan sayur
perlu cahaya matahari
perlu dijaga setiap hari

Akuaponik

akar tumbuh di dalam air
najis ikan menjadi baja
tidak boleh guna racun
dapat sayur dan ikan

Tanaman di bahagian tengah = persamaan. Kiri dan kanan = perbezaan.

鱼菜共生 = akuaponik；水耕 = hidroponik；水产养殖 = akuakultur；农药 = racun 双气泡图用来比较两样东西：中间写两者相同的地方，左右两边写各自不同的地方。鱼菜共生把养鱼和水耕合在一起：鱼的排泄物变成蔬菜的肥料，蔬菜的根又帮鱼把水洗干净。因为有鱼，所以不能喷农药。例子：“都会长出蔬菜”写在中间；“种在泥土里”只写在普通种植那一边。注意：只有两种种植都有的特点才写在中间；只属于一边的特点要写在那一边。

aquaponics = akuaponik; hydroponics = hidroponik; fish farming = akuakultur; poison or pesticide = racun A double bubble map compares two things: the shared points go in the middle and the differences go on the left and right. Aquaponics joins fish farming with soil-free growing: fish waste feeds the plants, and plant roots clean the water for the fish. Because fish live there, pesticide cannot be used. Example: producing vegetables goes in the middle, but growing in soil belongs only on the ordinary farming side. Watch out: only points true for both kinds of farming go in the middle; a point true for one side only goes on that side.

Menulis · Soalan 4

Manakah ciri tanaman akuaponik?

特征 = ciri；排泄物 = najis；黏土 = tanah liat 鱼菜共生的蔬菜不种在泥土里，根泡在养鱼的水里。鱼的排泄物溶在水中，正好成为蔬菜的养分。如果天天喷农药，水里的鱼会死，所以这个系统不喷药。例子：学校的鱼菜共生箱里，下层养罗非鱼，上层种生菜，水一直循环。注意：种在泥土里是普通种植的特征，要放在双气泡图的另一边。

feature = ciri; waste = najis; clay soil = tanah liat In aquaponics the vegetables are not planted in soil; their roots hang in the fish water. Fish waste dissolves in that water and becomes food for the plants. Spraying pesticide every day would kill the fish, so this system avoids it. Example: a school aquaponics box keeps tilapia in the lower tank and lettuce on top, with water flowing round and round. Watch out: growing in soil describes ordinary farming, so it goes on the other side of the double bubble map.

Seni Bahasa

Mencipta sajak

Beras wangi hasil kajian MARDI

Butir Wangi

Butir putih di dalam periuk,

harum baunya memikat selera,

hasil kajian tekun dan teliti,

MARDI berbakti untuk negara.

Nasi berkhasiat di atas meja,

sekeluarga makan bersama-sama,

terima kasih wahai petani,

usahamu kami hargai selamanya.

rangkap = kumpulan baris · baris = satu deret perkataan

诗 = sajak；节 = rangkap；行 = baris；有营养 = berkhasiat sajak 是不必押韵的现代诗。这首写 MARDI 研发的香米，有两节，每节四行。写诗时把老师给的词语放进句子；朗诵要清楚、慢一点、带感情。例子：“harum baunya memikat selera” 意思是香味让人很想吃。注意：kerahan idea 指绞尽脑汁想点子，动笔前先想好题目和感觉。

modern poem = sajak; stanza = rangkap; line = baris; tempting the appetite = memikat selera; nutritious = berkhasiat A sajak is a modern poem that does not need to rhyme. This one has two stanzas of four lines each, about fragrant rice developed by MARDI, the national farm research institute. When writing, we can fit given phrases such as memikat selera and berkhasiat into our lines. Recite clearly, slowly and with feeling. Example: harum baunya memikat selera means its smell makes you want to eat. Watch out: kerahan idea means squeezing out ideas, so plan your topic and feeling before writing.

Seni Bahasa · Soalan 5

Lengkapkan baris sajak.

Lengkapkan

Nasi putih harum baunya,

________ selera seisi keluarga.

吸引 = memikat；煮 = memasak；种 = menanam 空格后面是 selera（胃口）。能和 selera 配在一起、表示“让人很想吃”的只有 memikat selera。memasak selera、menanam selera 都说不通，虽然煮饭、种稻都和米饭有关。例子：Bau rendang ibu memikat selera kami. 妈妈的仁当香味让我们很想吃。注意：写诗也要选意思通顺的词，不能只看词和主题有没有关系。

attract = memikat; cook = memasak; plant = menanam The word after the blank is selera, appetite. Only memikat pairs with selera to mean making people want to eat. Cooking an appetite or planting an appetite makes no sense, even though cooking and planting are linked to rice. Example: Bau rendang ibu memikat selera kami means the smell of Mother's rendang makes us hungry. Watch out: even in a poem, choose a word that makes sense in the line, not just one that matches the topic.

Tatabahasa

Kata adjektif jarak dan perasaan

Lawatan ke ladang pandan

Encik Lim membawa Mei Ling ke ladang kelapa sawit rakannya. Pokok pandan ditanam rapat di antara pokok sawit. Rumah rakannya dekat dengan ladang itu. Encik Lim kagum melihat hasilnya. Mei Ling suka bau daun pandan.

Adjektif jarak

dekat · jauh · hampir · rapat

Adjektif perasaan

suka · kagum · gembira · takut

距离形容词 = adjektif jarak；感觉形容词 = adjektif perasaan 距离形容词说明远近，例如 dekat 近、jauh 远、hampir 接近、rapat 挨得很近。感觉形容词说明心里的感受，例如 suka 喜欢、kagum 佩服、takut 害怕。例子：斑斓种得很密，杂草长不出来，就说 pandan ditanam rapat。注意：hampir 也可以是“差不多”，例如 hampir siap 快完成了，要看整句意思。

adjective of distance = kata adjektif jarak; adjective of feeling = kata adjektif perasaan; amazed = kagum Adjectives of distance tell how near or far: dekat (near), jauh (far), hampir (close to) and rapat (tightly close). Adjectives of feeling describe emotions: suka (like), kagum (amazed), gembira (happy) and takut (afraid). Example: Pandan ditanam rapat supaya rumput tidak tumbuh means the pandan is planted close together so weeds cannot grow. Watch out: hampir can also mean almost, as in hampir siap, so read the whole sentence.

Tatabahasa

Kata adjektif pancaindera

Mata, telinga, hidung, lidah dan kulit

Lihat (mata)

indah, cantik

Dengar (telinga)

bising, merdu

Bau (hidung)

wangi, busuk

Rasa (lidah)

manis, masam

Sentuh (kulit)

licin, kesat

Daun pandan licin. Batang sawit kesat. Kehijauan ladang itu sungguh indah.

感官形容词 = adjektif pancaindera；光滑 = licin；粗糙 = kesat 五种感官是眼看、耳听、鼻闻、舌尝、手摸。看到的美用 indah、cantik；听到的吵用 bising；闻到的香用 wangi；尝到的甜用 manis；摸到的滑或粗用 licin、kesat。例子：摸斑斓叶觉得滑，就说 daun pandan licin。注意：wangi 靠鼻子，不是舌头；吃起来甜要用 manis。

adjective of the senses = kata adjektif pancaindera; smooth = licin; rough = kesat; noisy = bising Pancaindera means the five senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting and touching. What eyes see can be indah or cantik; what ears hear can be bising or merdu; what the nose smells can be wangi; what the tongue tastes can be manis; what skin feels can be licin or kesat. Example: pandan leaves feel smooth, so daun pandan licin; an oil palm trunk feels rough, so batang sawit kesat. Watch out: wangi belongs to the nose, not the tongue; for a sweet taste use manis.

Tatabahasa · Padanan

Padankan kata adjektif dengan jenisnya

配对 = padanan；种类 = jenis；感官 = deria 左边五个形容词，各属于不同种类：wangi 用鼻子闻，bising 用耳朵听，kesat 用手摸，jauh 讲距离，kagum 讲心里的感受。每次先问自己：这个词是靠哪个感官知道的？还是在讲远近或心情？例子：Bunyi mesin rumput itu bising. bising 是耳朵听到的，所以属于“听”。注意：kagum 不是看到的样子，而是看到后心里“佩服”的感觉。

matching = padanan; type = jenis; sense = deria The five adjectives on the left each belong to a different group: wangi is smelt, bising is heard, kesat is felt by touch, jauh is about distance, and kagum is about a feeling inside. For each one, ask which sense tells you about it, or whether it is about distance or emotion. Example: in Bunyi mesin rumput itu bising, the noise reaches our ears, so it belongs to hearing. Watch out: kagum is not how something looks; it is the admiring feeling we get after seeing it.

Tatabahasa · Soalan 6

Pilih kata adjektif yang sesuai.

Pokok pandan ditanam ________ supaya rumput tidak tumbuh.

紧密 = rapat；吵 = bising；佩服 = kagum 句子讲的是斑斓之间的距离：种得怎样，杂草才长不出来？要选距离形容词 rapat（挨得很近）。bising 是声音，kagum 是心情，都不能形容植物之间的距离。例子：Kerusi di dewan disusun rapat supaya muat ramai murid. 礼堂的椅子排得很密。注意：rapat 也可以指“亲密”，例如 kawan rapat（好朋友）。

close together = rapat; noisy = bising; amazed = kagum The sentence is about the space between pandan plants: how should they be planted so weeds cannot grow? We need the distance adjective rapat. Bising describes sound and kagum describes a feeling, so neither can describe how far apart plants are. Example: Kerusi di dewan disusun rapat means the hall chairs are arranged closely so many pupils fit. Watch out: rapat can also mean close in friendship, as in kawan rapat.

Tatabahasa

Kata hubung: dan, yang, kerana

Tapak semaian pokok tin

dan

Encik Lim ke tapak semaian. Mei Ling ke tapak semaian.
→ Encik Lim dan Mei Ling ke tapak semaian.

yang

Puan Dayang ada ladang pokok tin. Ladang itu luas.
→ Puan Dayang ada ladang pokok tin yang luas.

kerana

Anak benih itu layu. Anak benih itu tidak disiram.
→ Anak benih itu layu kerana tidak disiram.

连词 = kata hubung；育苗圃 = tapak semaian；树苗 = anak benih 连词把两个短句接成一句，重复的部分只留一次。dan 连接同样重要的两样东西；yang 说明前面的名词；kerana 说明原因。例子：Pokok tin itu berbuah lebat kerana dibaja setiap minggu. 因为每周施肥，所以结果多。注意：kerana 后面放原因，不要放结果。

conjunction = kata hubung; nursery = tapak semaian; fig tree = pokok tin; seedling = anak benih A conjunction joins two short sentences into one, so we do not repeat the same words. Dan links two equally important things; yang describes the noun before it; kerana gives a reason. When joining, the repeated part is kept only once. Example: Pokok tin itu berbuah lebat kerana dibaja setiap minggu means the fig tree fruits well because it is fed every week. Watch out: the reason comes after kerana; do not put the result there.

Tatabahasa · Bina ayat

Gabungkan menjadi satu ayat

合句 = gabungkan ayat；企业家 = usahawan；成功的 = yang berjaya 两句分别说 Puan Dayang 是一位企业家、她很成功。重复的名字只留一次，再把 yang 接在 usahawan 后面，变成“成功的企业家”。马来文的形容部分一定放在名词后面。例子：我有一辆新脚车，马来文说 basikal yang baharu，“新”放在“脚车”后面。注意：不要照华文语序写成 yang berjaya usahawan。

join sentences = gabungkan ayat; who is successful = yang berjaya; entrepreneur = usahawan The two short sentences say that Puan Dayang is an entrepreneur and that she is successful. Keep Puan Dayang only once, then put yang after usahawan to describe her as a successful entrepreneur. In Malay, the describing part comes after the noun. Example: Saya ada basikal. Basikal itu baharu. becomes Saya ada basikal yang baharu. Watch out: do not write yang berjaya usahawan; that follows Chinese or English word order, not Malay.

Ringkasan

Syabas!

Pertanian memberi pendapatan kepada keluarga.

Kita belajar ayat silaan dan larangan, idea utama, peta buih berganda, sajak, kata adjektif jarak, perasaan dan pancaindera, serta kata hubung dan, yang, kerana.

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