Unit 14
Kenali Kesenian Kita
Kesenian kita sangat indah: tarian istana, pakaian tradisional, alat muzik, syair dan permainan wau. Mari kita kenali kesenian ini.
Tatabahasa: Kata Ganda Separa dan Kata Ganda Berentak
艺术 = kesenian；认识 = kenali；重叠词 = kata ganda
这一课认识马来传统艺术：宫廷舞蹈、传统服装的洗涤标签、kompang 和 gambus 乐器、诗体 syair、风筝 wau，还有市集里的传统糕点。语法学两种重叠词：部分重叠词和押韵重叠词。
例子：lelayang 是部分重叠词，kuih-muih 是押韵重叠词。
注意：上一课学的 kawan-kawan 是完全重叠，这一课的两种都不是把整个词原样重复。
arts = kesenian; get to know = kenali; reduplicated word = kata ganda
This unit explores traditional Malay arts: a palace dance, care labels on traditional clothes, the kompang and gambus instruments, the syair poem, the wau kite and traditional snacks at the market. The grammar covers two more kinds of reduplication: partial and rhyming.
Example: lelayang is partial reduplication, while kuih-muih is rhyming reduplication.
Watch out: unlike kawan-kawan from the last unit, these two kinds do not repeat the whole word unchanged.
Mendengar dan Bertutur
Tarian Ceracap Inai
Dengar maklumat, kemudian jawab soalan bercapah.
Tarian istana
dahulu dipersembahkan di istana
Bunga-bungaan emas
hiasan berkilat pada piring
Api lilin
lilin menyala dibawa semasa menari
Soalan bercapah: Pada pendapat kamu, mengapakah tarian tradisional perlu dipelajari?
Jawapan: Pada pendapat saya, tarian ini perlu dipelajari supaya warisan kita tidak hilang.
Jawapan: Pada pendapat saya, tarian ini perlu dipelajari supaya warisan kita tidak hilang.
宫廷舞 = tarian istana；蜡烛火 = api lilin；开放式问题 = soalan bercapah
这支舞来自柔佛，从前在王宫里表演，舞者手拿装饰着金色花饰和蜡烛的小盘子跳舞。开放式问题没有唯一答案，回答时要先说出自己的看法，再加上理由，可以用“我认为……因为／为了……”的句型。
例子：我认为这支舞很美，因为舞者的动作很柔和（Pada pendapat saya, tarian ini cantik kerana gerakannya lembut）。
注意：只回答一个字，例如“是”或“漂亮”，太短了，开放式问题一定要加理由。
palace dance = tarian istana; candle flame = api lilin; open-ended question = soalan bercapah
Ceracap Inai is a palace dance from Johor in which dancers hold small plates decorated with golden flowers and lit candles. A soalan bercapah is an open-ended question with no single correct answer, so you give your own view plus a reason, often with Pada pendapat saya and kerana or supaya.
Example: Pada pendapat saya, tarian ini cantik kerana pergerakannya lemah lembut.
Watch out: answering with just ya or cantik is too short; an open question needs a reason.
Mendengar dan Bertutur · Soalan 1
Soalan manakah soalan bercapah?
看法 = pendapat；州 = negeri；拿着 = dipegang
开放式问题问的是“你觉得怎样”，每个人的答案都可以不同。问舞蹈来自哪个州、舞者手上拿什么，答案都只有一个，在资料里就找得到，所以是封闭式问题。问“你对这支舞有什么看法”才是 soalan bercapah。
例子：Mengapakah kamu suka menonton tarian tradisional?
注意：看到 pendapat、mengapa kamu、bagaimana jika 这类字眼，通常是开放式问题。
opinion = pendapat; state = negeri; held = dipegang
An open-ended question asks what you think, so every person can give a different answer. Asking which state the dance comes from or what the dancers hold has only one answer that can be found in the information, so those are closed questions. Asking for your opinion about the dance is the soalan bercapah.
Example: Mengapakah kamu suka menonton tarian tradisional?
Watch out: words such as pendapat, mengapa kamu and bagaimana jika usually signal an open question.
Membaca
Membaca label penjagaan pakaian
Baju kurung baharu ada label kecil di bahagian dalam.
Basuh, suhu air 30°C
Jangan guna peluntur
Seterika suhu rendah
Boleh pengeringan mesin
Jangan buat pemerahan
温度 = suhu；漂白剂 = peluntur；烘干 = pengeringan；熨斗 = seterika；拧干 = pemerahan
衣服里的小标签用符号告诉我们怎样洗。洗衣盆加数字是水温；三角形打叉是不可用漂白剂；熨斗里一个点是低温熨烫；方框里有圆圈是可以用烘干机；扭毛巾的图形打叉是不可拧干。
例子：Farah 看到三角形打了叉，就提醒妈妈洗 baju kurung 时不要加漂白剂。
注意：符号上有叉（X）就表示“不可以”。
temperature = suhu; bleach = peluntur; drying = pengeringan; iron = seterika; wringing = pemerahan
The small label inside clothes uses symbols to show how to care for them. A tub with a number gives the water temperature; a crossed triangle means no bleach; an iron with one dot means a low ironing heat; a square with a circle means machine drying is allowed; a twisted cloth with a cross means do not wring.
Example: Farah sees the crossed triangle and reminds her mother not to add bleach when washing the baju kurung.
Watch out: any symbol with a cross on it means do not.
Membaca · Soalan 2
Apakah maksud simbol ini?
三角形 = segi tiga；打叉 = bersilang；热水 = air panas
三角形在洗涤标签上代表漂白剂，上面打了叉，意思就是不可以用漂白剂。熨斗符号才跟熨烫有关，洗衣盆符号才跟水温有关，所以另外两个答案用错了符号。
例子：白色校服的标签如果只有三角形、没有叉，就表示可以用漂白剂。
注意：先认出是哪一种图形，再看有没有叉。
triangle = segi tiga; crossed = bersilang; hot water = air panas
On a care label the triangle stands for bleach, and a cross over it means bleach must not be used. Ironing is shown by the iron symbol and water temperature by the tub symbol, so the other two answers belong to different symbols.
Example: if a white school shirt has a triangle with no cross, bleach is allowed.
Watch out: first identify the shape, then check whether it is crossed out.
Menulis
Mengedit teks
Cari kesalahan ejaan, tanda baca dan imbuhan.
Kompang dan gambos gambus ialah alat muzik tradisional . Pemain kompang palu memalu kompang dengan tapak tangan. Penonton tepuk menepuk tangan dengan gembira.
| Jenis kesalahan | Salah | Betul |
|---|---|---|
| Ejaan | gambos | gambus |
| Tanda baca | tradisional | tradisional. |
| Imbuhan | palu, tepuk | memalu, menepuk |
编辑 = mengedit；拼写 = ejaan；标点 = tanda baca；词缀 = imbuhan
改文章时要找三种错误：拼写错，例如 gambos 要改成 gambus；标点错，例如句子结尾漏了句号；词缀错，例如“打鼓”要用 memalu，不能只写 palu。这段关于 kompang 的短文里，三种错误都有。
例子：Adik tepuk tangan → Adik menepuk tangan.
注意：句子里的动作通常要加 meN- 词缀，只写词根是口语。
edit = mengedit; spelling = ejaan; punctuation = tanda baca; affix = imbuhan
When editing, look for three kinds of mistakes: spelling, such as gambos which should be gambus; punctuation, such as a missing full stop at the end of a sentence; and affixes, such as writing palu when the sentence needs memalu. This short text about the kompang contains all three.
Example: Adik tepuk tangan becomes Adik menepuk tangan.
Watch out: an action word in a written sentence usually needs the meN- prefix; the bare root word is casual speech.
Menulis · Soalan 3
Ayat manakah yang betul?
打（鼓）= memalu；婚宴／典礼 = majlis；句号 = noktah
palu 加上前缀 meN- 会变成 memalu，因为 p 开头的词，p 会消失变成 m。只写 palu 是漏了词缀；写 mepalu 是词缀变化错了，而且那一句结尾还少了句号。
例子：pukul → memukul，pakai → memakai。
注意：p 开头的词加 meN- 时，p 要换成 m。
beat a drum = memalu; ceremony = majlis; full stop = noktah
When palu takes the meN- prefix it becomes memalu, because the starting p drops and becomes m. Writing palu alone leaves out the prefix, while mepalu forms the prefix wrongly and that sentence is also missing its full stop.
Example: pukul becomes memukul, and pakai becomes memakai.
Watch out: for words starting with p, the p changes to m after meN-.
Seni Bahasa
Mengenal syair
Syair dilagukan dengan irama yang perlahan dan sekata.
Dengarlah tuan sebuah cerita,
Warisan seni milik kita,
Tarian indah langkahnya sekata,
Bagaikan permata di depan mata.
Baju kurung busana pilihan,
Lagu ghazal penuh sanjungan,
Martabat bangsa kita julangkan,
Warisan seni jangan dilupakan.
Rima akhir: a – a – a – a
诗体 syair = syair；整齐一致 = sekata；宝石 = permata；服装 = busana
syair 是马来传统诗体，每节四行，四行结尾的音都一样（a-a-a-a），而且四行都在讲意思，没有像 pantun 那样的 pembayang。朗读时用平稳、整齐的调子唱出来。这里两节诗赞美舞蹈、ghazal 歌曲和传统服装。
例子：第一节四行都以 -ta 结尾：cerita、kita、sekata、mata。
注意：pantun 是 a-b-a-b，syair 是 a-a-a-a，别混淆。
syair poem = syair; even = sekata; gem = permata; costume = busana
A syair is a traditional Malay poem. Each verse has four lines that all end with the same sound (a-a-a-a), and every line carries meaning, with no pembayang as in a pantun. It is chanted in a steady, even tune. These two verses praise dance, ghazal songs and traditional clothes.
Example: all four lines of the first verse end in -ta: cerita, kita, sekata, mata.
Watch out: a pantun rhymes a-b-a-b, while a syair rhymes a-a-a-a.
Seni Bahasa
Maksud rangkap syair
Baca setiap rangkap dan cari pesanannya.
Rangkap 1
Tarian warisan kita indah dan berharga seperti permata.
Rangkap 2
Busana dan lagu tradisional disanjung; jangan lupakan warisan seni.
martabat
kedudukan dan maruah yang tinggi
sanjungan
pujian dan penghormatan
地位尊严 = martabat；赞颂 = sanjungan；举起 = julangkan
第一节说：我们的传统舞蹈很美，舞步整齐，像宝石一样珍贵。第二节说：baju kurung 和 ghazal 歌曲受到赞颂，我们要提高民族的地位，不要忘记传统艺术。讲意思时用自己的话说，不必一行一行照抄。
例子：Rangkap kedua mengingatkan kita supaya tidak melupakan warisan seni.
注意：martabat 不是“马”，是一个民族或一个人的地位与尊严。
dignity and status = martabat; praise = sanjungan; raise high = julangkan
The first verse says our traditional dances are beautiful, with even steps, and as precious as gems. The second verse says the baju kurung and ghazal songs are praised, and we should raise the dignity of our nation and never forget our arts. Explain the meaning in your own words instead of copying line by line.
Example: Rangkap kedua mengingatkan kita supaya tidak melupakan warisan seni.
Watch out: martabat is about status and dignity, not about wealth.
Seni Bahasa · Soalan 4
Apakah maksud rangkap kedua?
珍惜 = dihargai；只是 = hanya；每天 = setiap hari
第二节提到 baju kurung 和 ghazal，最后一行说“不要忘记传统艺术”，所以整节的意思是要珍惜传统服装和歌曲。诗里没有说 baju kurung 只在典礼穿，也没有要求每天唱 ghazal，那两个答案是自己加进去的。
例子：Kita menghargai warisan dengan memakai busana tradisional pada Hari Kebudayaan.
注意：找意思时不要加入诗里没有的内容。
valued = dihargai; only = hanya; every day = setiap hari
The second verse mentions the baju kurung and ghazal, and its last line says do not forget our arts, so the verse means traditional clothes and songs should be valued. It never says the baju kurung is worn only at ceremonies or that ghazal must be sung daily; those ideas were added from outside the poem.
Example: Kita menghargai warisan dengan memakai busana tradisional pada Hari Kebudayaan.
Watch out: do not add ideas that are not in the poem.
Tatabahasa
Kata Ganda Separa
Hanya sebahagian kata diulang.
| Bentuk | Contoh |
|---|---|
| Tunggal | lelayang, tetulang, bebola |
| Berimbuhan awalan | setinggi-tinggi |
| Berimbuhan akhiran | sayur-sayuran, kenang-kenangan |
| Berimbuhan apitan | kebiru-biruan, berlari-larian, bersorak-sorakan, bersalam-salaman |
部分重叠词 = kata ganda separa；前缀 = awalan；后缀 = akhiran；前后缀 = apitan
部分重叠只重复一部分。第一种只重复第一个音节，元音变成 e：layang-layang 变 lelayang，bola 变 bebola。第二种是词根重复，再在其中一边加词缀：前面加 se-（setinggi-tinggi），后面加 -an（sayur-sayuran），或前后都加（kebiru-biruan）。
例子：Tetulang ikan itu tajam.（鱼骨很尖。）
注意：lelayang 没有连字号；有词缀的部分重叠词才有连字号。
partial reduplication = kata ganda separa; prefix = awalan; suffix = akhiran; circumfix = apitan
Partial reduplication repeats only part of a word. In the first form only the first syllable repeats and its vowel becomes e: layang-layang becomes lelayang, bola becomes bebola. In the second form the root repeats and an affix is added to one side only: a prefix like se- (setinggi-tinggi), a suffix like -an (sayur-sayuran) or both (kebiru-biruan).
Example: Tetulang ikan itu tajam.
Watch out: lelayang has no hyphen; only the affixed forms use one.
Tatabahasa · Padanan
Padankan kata dengan bentuknya
纪念品 = kenang-kenangan；互相握手 = bersalam-salaman；尽量高 = setinggi-tinggi
先看有没有连字号：bebola 没有，是只重复第一音节的那一种。其余三个都有词缀，再看词缀在哪里：se- 在前面是前缀，-an 在后面是后缀，ber-…-an 前后都有就是前后缀。
例子：berlari-larian 也是前后缀形式，跟 bersalam-salaman 一样。
注意：kenang-kenangan 只有后面加 -an，前面没有词缀。
souvenir = kenang-kenangan; shake hands with one another = bersalam-salaman; as high as possible = setinggi-tinggi
First check for a hyphen: bebola has none, so it is the form that repeats only the first syllable. The other three carry affixes, so look at where the affix sits: se- at the front is a prefix, -an at the back is a suffix, and ber- with -an on both sides is a circumfix.
Example: berlari-larian is also a circumfix form, just like bersalam-salaman.
Watch out: kenang-kenangan only adds -an at the end; there is nothing at the front.
Tatabahasa
Kata Ganda Berentak
Kata diulang dengan bunyi yang berubah tetapi berentak.
| Jenis | Contoh | Perhatikan |
|---|---|---|
| Pengulangan vokal | kuih-muih, lauk-pauk | vokal sama (ui – ui, au – au) |
| Pengulangan konsonan | gopoh-gapah, mundar-mandir | konsonan sama, vokal berubah |
| Bebas | riuh-rendah, turun-temurun | tiada pola tetap |
Di pasar tani, Ibu Lin membeli kuih-muih dan lauk-pauk. Pasar itu riuh-rendah. Seorang lelaki berjalan mundar-mandir mencari anaknya.
押韵重叠词 = kata ganda berentak；元音 = vokal；辅音 = konsonan；自由式 = bebas
押韵重叠词前后两半声音相近但不相同，读起来有节奏。元音重复：元音一样，开头辅音变了，如 kuih-muih；辅音重复：辅音一样，元音变了，如 gopoh-gapah；自由式：没有固定规律，如 riuh-rendah（又吵又闹）、turun-temurun（世代相传）。
例子：Ibu Lin membeli kuih-muih di pasar tani.（Lin 妈妈在农夫市集买各种糕点。）
注意：不能写成 kuih-kuih 来代替 kuih-muih，那会变成完全重叠，意思也不一样。
rhyming reduplication = kata ganda berentak; vowel = vokal; consonant = konsonan; free = bebas
In rhyming reduplication the two halves sound similar but not identical, giving a rhythm. Vowel repetition keeps the vowels and changes the first consonant, as in kuih-muih; consonant repetition keeps the consonants and changes the vowels, as in gopoh-gapah; the free type follows no fixed pattern, as in riuh-rendah, meaning noisy and bustling, and turun-temurun, meaning passed down from generation to generation.
Example: Ibu Lin membeli kuih-muih di pasar tani.
Watch out: kuih-kuih is full reduplication and does not replace kuih-muih.
Tatabahasa · Soalan 5
Mundar-mandir ialah jenis apa?
走来走去 = mundar-mandir；比较 = bandingkan；改变 = berubah
把两半排在一起看：m-u-nd-a-r 和 m-a-nd-i-r。辅音 m、nd、r 都一样，变的是元音 u→a、a→i，所以是辅音重复。如果是元音重复，应该是元音不变、辅音改变，像 lauk-pauk。它也不是部分重叠词，因为不是重复词根的一部分。
例子：gopoh-gapah（匆匆忙忙）也是辅音重复。
注意：先找出哪些字母没有变，就知道是哪一种。
pace back and forth = mundar-mandir; compare = bandingkan; change = berubah
Line the two halves up: m-u-nd-a-r and m-a-nd-i-r. The consonants m, nd and r stay the same while the vowels change, so this is consonant repetition. Vowel repetition would keep the vowels and change a consonant, like lauk-pauk. It is not partial reduplication either, because it does not repeat part of a root word.
Example: gopoh-gapah, meaning in a great hurry, is also consonant repetition.
Watch out: spot which letters stay the same and you will know the type.
Tatabahasa · Bina Ayat
Susun kad menjadi ayat
糕点（各种）= kuih-muih；农夫市集 = pasar tani；买 = membeli
按照“谁 + 做什么 + 什么东西 + 在哪里”的次序排：Nenek（谁）membeli（做什么）kuih-muih（买什么）di pasar tani（在哪里）。这样的次序是马来文最常见的句子结构。
例子：Ayah membeli lauk-pauk di gerai itu.
注意：di 是介词，要放在地点 pasar tani 前面。
assorted cakes = kuih-muih; farmers' market = pasar tani; buy = membeli
Follow the order who, action, thing, place: Nenek (who) membeli (action) kuih-muih (what) di pasar tani (where). This is the most common sentence order in Malay.
Example: Ayah membeli lauk-pauk di gerai itu.
Watch out: di is a preposition and must come right before the place, pasar tani.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
Kita kenali dan hargai kesenian kita.
Kita belajar menjawab soalan bercapah, membaca label pakaian, mengedit teks, memahami syair, kata ganda separa dan kata ganda berentak.
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