Kerjasama Asas Kesejahteraan

邀请句 = ayat silaan；禁止句 = ayat larangan；颁奖典礼 = majlis anugerah 在社区“清洁花园奖”颁奖典礼上，司仪请嘉宾坐到前排，老师提醒学生别站在椅子上，主办人请大家会后去帐篷喝饮料。邀请句用 sila、jemput，语气尊敬；禁止句用 jangan、usah、dilarang，告诉大家什么不能做（usah 和 jangan 意思一样，例如 Usah bermain di tepi kolam）。听到这两种句子，都要有礼貌地回应：被邀请就说谢谢，被提醒就说好。 例子：Dilarang membuang sampah di kawasan taman. 回应：Baiklah, saya akan buang di dalam tong. 注意：被禁止时不要顶嘴，就算觉得没关系，也要先遵守。

invitation sentence = ayat silaan; prohibition sentence = ayat larangan; award ceremony = majlis anugerah At a community clean-garden award ceremony, the emcee invites guests to the front row, a teacher reminds pupils not to stand on chairs, and the host invites everyone for drinks afterwards. Invitations use sila or jemput and sound respectful; prohibitions use jangan, usah or dilarang to say what must not be done (usah means the same as jangan, as in Usah bermain di tepi kolam). Reply politely to both: thank people for an invitation and agree to a reminder. Example: Dilarang membuang sampah di kawasan taman. Reply: Baiklah, saya akan buang di dalam tong. Watch out: do not argue back when told not to do something; follow the rule first.

禁止 = dilarang；座位 = tempat duduk；帐篷 = khemah 禁止句告诉我们什么事不能做。说礼堂里不准吃东西的那一句用了 dilarang，是禁止句。请大家入座的那一句用 sila，请大家去帐篷喝饮料的那一句用 jemput，这两句都是邀请句，是在客气地请人做好事。 例子：嘉宾致词时提醒大家“不要吵闹”，就要用 jangan 开头的禁止句。 注意：dilarang 常出现在告示牌上，jangan 和 usah 多用在说话时。

forbidden = dilarang; your own seat = tempat duduk masing-masing; tent = khemah A prohibition tells us what must not be done. 'Dilarang makan di dalam dewan ini' says eating is not allowed in the hall, so it is the prohibition. 'Sila ambil tempat duduk' invites people to sit, and 'Jemput minum' invites them to have a drink, so both are invitations. Example: Jangan bising semasa ucapan tetamu kehormat. Watch out: dilarang is common on signboards, while jangan and usah are more common in speech.

邀请品尝 = jemput rasa；糕点 = kuih；好吃 = sedap Puan Kamala 请 Mei Ling 尝尝她做的糕点，这是邀请句。礼貌的回应是先道谢，再称赞：“Terima kasih, mak cik. Sedapnya!”直接说“不好吃，不要”会让对方难过；说“昨天已经吃过了”像在拒绝对方的好意。 例子：Terima kasih, pak cik. Saya ambil sepotong sahaja. 注意：就算吃饱了，也可以客气地说“谢谢，我拿一小块就好”。

invited to taste = jemput rasa; traditional cake = kuih; delicious = sedap Puan Kamala invites Mei Ling to try her kuih, which is an invitation. The polite reply thanks her first and then praises the food: 'Terima kasih, mak cik. Sedapnya!' Saying the kuih is not tasty would hurt her, and saying you ate it yesterday sounds like turning down her kindness. Example: Terima kasih, pak cik. Saya ambil sepotong sahaja. Watch out: even when full, you can politely thank the host and take just a small piece.

迷路 = sesat；手电筒 = lampu suluh；追踪脚印 = mengesan jejak；木梆 = kentung 奶奶讲了一个故事：Bujang 进森林找果子，天黑了还没回家。全村不同族群的人马上集合，Ah Kow 拿手电筒，Pak Samad 追踪脚印，Muthu 敲木梆让 Bujang 听见声音。半夜时，大家在小溪边找到他。故事的寓意是：不分种族，一起合作帮助有需要的人。 例子：社区有人家里淹水，邻居不管是哪一族，都一起去帮忙搬东西。 注意：寓意要从整个故事去想，不是只看某一个人做了什么。

lost = sesat; torch = lampu suluh; track footprints = mengesan jejak; wooden gong = kentung Grandmother tells a story: Bujang goes into the forest for fruit and has not returned by dark. Villagers of different races gather at once: Ah Kow brings a torch, Pak Samad follows Bujang's footprints, and Muthu beats a wooden gong so Bujang can hear it. Around midnight they find him by a stream. The lesson is to work together and help anyone in need, whatever their race. Example: when a house in the neighbourhood floods, neighbours of every race help move the belongings. Watch out: find the lesson from the whole story, not from what one person did.

寓意 = pengajaran；不分种族 = tanpa mengira kaum；野果 = buah rambai 故事里最重要的是全村人一起出力找 Bujang：有人拿灯、有人追脚印、有人敲木梆，大家来自不同族群。所以寓意是要不分种族互相合作。说“不能在森林吃果子”、“到哪里都要带木梆”，只抓住故事的小细节，不是故事要教的道理。 例子：故事讲一群动物合力推开大石头，寓意就是团结力量大。 注意：寓意通常是一句可以用在日常生活里的道理。

lesson = pengajaran; regardless of race = tanpa mengira kaum; rambai fruit = buah rambai The heart of the story is the whole village joining the search: one brings a torch, one tracks footprints, one beats the gong, and they come from different races. So the lesson is to cooperate regardless of race. Not eating rambai in the forest or carrying a gong everywhere only picks up small details, not what the story teaches. Example: if a story shows animals pushing a boulder away together, its lesson is that unity is strength. Watch out: a lesson is usually a rule you can apply to everyday life.

邀请卡 = kad undangan；连笔字 = tulisan berangkai；传统游戏节 = Pesta Permainan Tradisional 邀请卡要写清楚活动名称、日期、时间和地点。这张卡邀请大家参加传统游戏节。用连笔字抄写时，有三个重点：一个词里的字母要连在一起写，中途不提笔；词与词之间的空隙一样大；活动名称、地点等专有名词，每个词的第一个字母要大写。 例子：抄写“Dewan Orang Ramai”时，D、O、R 都要用大写连笔字。 注意：连笔字要写得整齐清楚，太花俏反而让人看不懂。

invitation card = kad undangan; joined-up handwriting = tulisan berangkai; traditional games festival = Pesta Permainan Tradisional An invitation card must clearly state the event name, date, time and place; this one invites everyone to a traditional games festival. When copying it in joined-up writing, remember three points: join the letters within a word without lifting the pencil, keep equal spaces between words, and start every word of a proper noun, such as the event name or place, with a capital letter. Example: when copying 'Dewan Orang Ramai', the D, O and R are all joined-up capitals. Watch out: joined-up writing should be neat and clear; too many curls make it hard to read.

专有名词 = nama khas；大写字母 = huruf besar；地点 = tempat “Dewan Orang Ramai Taman Mesra”是一个地方的名字，属于专有名词，每个词的开头都要大写，行首的 Tempat 也要大写。全部小写的那一行完全没有大写；另一行有的词大写、有的没有，也不对。 例子：Padang Bandar Kota Kinabalu 每个词的第一个字母都大写。 注意：抄写邀请卡时，名字少一个大写字母也算错。

proper noun = nama khas; capital letter = huruf besar; place = tempat 'Dewan Orang Ramai Taman Mesra' is the name of a place, a proper noun, so every word starts with a capital, and the label Tempat at the start of the line is capitalised too. The all-lowercase line has no capitals at all, and the third line capitalises some words but not others, so it is also wrong. Example: in Padang Bandar Kota Kinabalu, every word begins with a capital. Watch out: when copying an invitation, missing even one capital in a name counts as a mistake.

后缀 = imbuhan akhiran；广场 = dataran；每年的 = tahunan；本地的 = tempatan；参加 = sertai 后缀加在词根后面。-an 常把词变成名词或形容词，例如 dataran（广场）、tarikan（吸引人的节目）、tahunan（每年的）、tempatan（本地的）。-kan 常表示“替别人做”或“使…”，例如 ambilkan（帮人拿）、amalkan（实行）。-i 常表示动作对着某个地方或人，例如 sertai（参加）、dekati（靠近）、awasi（看管）。 例子：Tolong ambilkan saya tuala itu. 是请人替我拿毛巾。 注意：ambil 是自己拿，ambilkan 是帮别人拿，意思不一样。

suffix = imbuhan akhiran; open square = dataran; yearly = tahunan; local = tempatan; join = sertai A suffix is added after the root. The suffix -an often makes a noun or adjective: dataran (square), tarikan (attraction), tahunan (yearly) and tempatan (local). The suffix -kan often means doing something for someone else or causing it, as in ambilkan (fetch for someone) and amalkan (put into practice). The suffix -i often points the action at a place or person, as in sertai (join), dekati (go near) and awasi (watch over). Example: Tolong ambilkan saya tuala itu. asks someone to fetch the towel for me. Watch out: ambil is taking for yourself, while ambilkan is fetching for someone else.

帮人拿 = ambilkan；水瓶 = botol air；为了奶奶 = untuk nenek 句子说“请帮奶奶拿那个水瓶”，拿东西是为了别人做的，所以加 -kan 变成 ambilkan。ambili 在马来文里没有这个用法；ambilan 是名词，不能放在 tolong 后面当动作。 例子：Abang bukakan pintu untuk tetamu itu. 注意：句子里有 untuk（为了某人），常常提示要用 -kan。

fetch for someone = ambilkan; water bottle = botol air; for grandmother = untuk nenek The sentence asks someone to fetch the water bottle for grandmother. The action is done for another person, so the root takes -kan and becomes ambilkan. Ambili is not used this way in Malay, and ambilan is a noun, so it cannot follow tolong as an action. Example: Abang bukakan pintu untuk tetamu itu. Watch out: the word untuk (for someone) in a sentence is often a clue that -kan is needed.

参加 = sertai；健身操 = senamrobik；附上 = sertakan “我们一起参加今早的健身操吧！”参加某个活动，就是把自己加入到那个活动里，所以用 -i：sertai。sertakan 的意思是“附上、一并放进”，例如把照片附在信里，跟参加活动不同；sertaan 不是标准的词。 例子：Ramai penduduk menyertai larian amal pada hari Ahad. 注意：sertai 加上 meN- 会变成 menyertai，意思还是“参加”。

join = sertai; aerobics = senamrobik; attach = sertakan The sentence invites everyone to join this morning's aerobics. Joining an event means taking part in it, so the root takes -i: sertai. Sertakan means to attach or include, such as enclosing a photo with a letter, which is different, and sertaan is not a standard word. Example: Ramai penduduk menyertai larian amal pada hari Ahad. Watch out: with meN- added, sertai becomes menyertai and still means to join.

广场 = dataran；平坦 = datar；宽阔 = luas 空格前面是 di（在），后面要接一个地方的名称，所以需要名词。datar（平）加 -an 变成 dataran，就是宽阔平坦的广场。datarkan 是“把…弄平”，是动作；datari 不是标准的词。 例子：Perarakan Hari Kebangsaan berakhir di dataran bandar. 注意：di 后面通常接地方名词，很多地方名词就是用 -an 构成的。

town square = dataran; flat = datar; wide = luas The blank follows di (at), so it needs the name of a place, which is a noun. The root datar (flat) with -an becomes dataran, a wide open square. Datarkan means to make something flat, which is an action, and datari is not a standard word. Example: Perarakan Hari Kebangsaan berakhir di dataran bandar. Watch out: di is usually followed by a place noun, and many place nouns are built with -an.

复合词 = kata majmuk；分开写 = ditulis terpisah；连在一起写 = ditulis bercantum 复合词是两个词合在一起，表达一个新的意思，读的时候要当成一个整体来理解，例如 surat khabar（报纸）、buah fikiran（想法）、urus setia（秘书处）、ulang kaji（复习）、merah jambu（粉红色）、orang awam（公众）。大多数复合词要分开写，中间空一格，不加连字号；只有少数已经固定的词连在一起写，例如 kerjasama。 例子：“我的父母每天早上看报纸”这句里，ibu bapa 和 surat khabar 两个复合词都要分开写。 注意：不要写成 suratkhabar 或 surat-khabar。

compound word = kata majmuk; written separately = ditulis terpisah; written as one word = ditulis bercantum A compound word joins two words to carry one new meaning, such as surat khabar (newspaper), buah fikiran (idea), urus setia (secretariat), ulang kaji (revision), merah jambu (pink) and orang awam (the public). Most compound words are written as two separate words, with a space and no hyphen; only a few fixed ones, such as kerjasama, are written as one word. Example: Ibu bapa saya membaca surat khabar setiap pagi. Both compounds are written apart. Watch out: never write suratkhabar or surat-khabar.

报纸 = surat khabar；连字号 = tanda sempang；图书馆 = perpustakaan 三个句子只差在“报纸”这个复合词怎么写。surat khabar 要分开写成两个词，中间空一格。连在一起写成 suratkhabar 是错的；中间加连字号写成 surat-khabar 也是错的，连字号是用在重叠词上的，例如 kanak-kanak。 例子：Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada urus setia. 注意：分辨复合词和重叠词：重叠词才用连字号。

newspaper = surat khabar; hyphen = tanda sempang; library = perpustakaan The three sentences differ only in how the compound for newspaper is written. Surat khabar must be two separate words with a space. Joining them as suratkhabar is wrong, and adding a hyphen as surat-khabar is also wrong, because hyphens belong to repeated words such as kanak-kanak. Example: Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada urus setia. Watch out: tell compound words apart from repeated words; only repeated words take a hyphen.

想法 = buah fikiran；秘书处 = urus setia；公众 = orang awam；复习 = ulang kaji；父母 = ibu bapa 把五个复合词和意思配起来。复合词的意思要整个一起看：buah fikiran 不是“想法的水果”，而是想法、意见；urus setia 是负责安排活动的工作小组；orang awam 是一般民众；ulang kaji 是把学过的再读一次；ibu bapa 是爸爸妈妈。 例子：Hafiz memberi buah fikiran yang bernas semasa perbincangan. 注意：不要把复合词拆开逐字翻译，会得到奇怪的意思。

idea = buah fikiran; secretariat = urus setia; the public = orang awam; revision = ulang kaji; parents = ibu bapa Match the five compound words with their meanings. Read each compound as a whole: buah fikiran is not a fruit of thought but an idea or opinion; urus setia is the team running an event; orang awam is the general public; ulang kaji is going over lessons again; ibu bapa means mother and father. Example: Hafiz memberi buah fikiran yang bernas semasa perbincangan. Watch out: translating a compound word word by word gives strange meanings.