Hormat-menghormati Budaya Kita

命令句 = ayat suruhan；请求句 = ayat permintaan；咖喱叶 = daun kari；香茅 = serai；运动 = kempen Mei Ling 到邻居 Puan Devi 家拿咖喱叶。命令句直接叫人做事，例如“Ambil bakul itu”；请求句语气比较柔和，常用 tolong 或 minta 开头。不管是命令还是请求，回应都要有礼貌，例如“Baiklah, mak cik”“Boleh”。 例子：Tolong siram pokok serai ini, Mei Ling. 这是请求句。 注意：对长辈提出要求时，最好用请求句，不要用直接的命令句。

command = ayat suruhan; request = ayat permintaan; curry leaves = daun kari; lemongrass = serai; campaign = kempen Mei Ling visits her neighbour, Puan Devi, to collect curry leaves. A command tells someone directly what to do, such as 'Ambil bakul itu'. A request is gentler and usually starts with tolong or minta. Whether it is a command or a request, reply politely with 'Baiklah, mak cik' or 'Boleh'. Example: Tolong siram pokok serai ini, Mei Ling. is a request. Watch out: when asking an elder for something, use a request rather than a direct command.

请求句 = ayat permintaan；绑起来 = ikatkan；刚才 = tadi 请求句语气比较客气，常用 tolong 或 minta 开头，所以“Tolong ikatkan serai ini”是请求句。“Ikat serai ini sekarang”直接叫人马上做，是命令句。“Mei Ling 刚才已经绑好香茅”只是在叙述一件事，不是叫人做事。 例子：Minta adik tutup pintu pagar itu. 注意：句子里有 sekarang、cepat 等字，语气通常比较强，是命令。

request = ayat permintaan; tie up = ikatkan; just now = tadi A request sounds polite and usually begins with tolong or minta, so 'Tolong ikatkan serai ini' is the request. 'Ikat serai ini sekarang' tells someone to do it at once, which is a command. Saying Mei Ling already tied the lemongrass just reports an event and asks for nothing. Example: Minta adik tutup pintu pagar itu. Watch out: words such as sekarang or cepat make the tone stronger, which signals a command.

回应 = respons；忙 = sibuk；香 = wangi Puan Devi 请 Mei Ling 把咖喱叶带回去给妈妈，这是一份心意。合适的回应是答应并道谢：“Baiklah, mak cik. Terima kasih.”叫长辈自己拿，是不礼貌；嫌叶子不香，会伤了对方的心。 例子：Boleh, mak cik. Ibu tentu gembira menerimanya. 注意：别人送东西时，就算不太喜欢，也要先说谢谢。

response = respons; busy = sibuk; fragrant = wangi Puan Devi asks Mei Ling to take the curry leaves home to her mother, which is a kind gesture. The fitting reply accepts and says thanks: 'Baiklah, mak cik. Terima kasih.' Telling an elder to carry them herself is rude, and complaining that the leaves are not fragrant would hurt her feelings. Example: Boleh, mak cik. Ibu tentu gembira menerimanya. Watch out: when someone gives you something, say thank you first, even if you are not keen on it.

使用说明 = manual；密码 = kata laluan；投诉 = aduan；画面 = paparan；有礼貌的 = bertatasusila Encik Tan 收到居民协会给的网站使用说明，请儿子 Jun 帮忙读。说明有五个步骤：打开社区网站、用用户名和密码登入、点“新投诉”、有礼貌地写下投诉或建议、按“提交”，屏幕会出现确认画面。转述步骤时，要照顺序说清楚。 例子：Jun 对爸爸说：“Mula-mula, ayah log masuk dengan kata laluan.” 注意：密码要保密，不可以告诉陌生人。

manual = manual; password = kata laluan; complaint = aduan; screen display = paparan; courteous = bertatasusila Encik Tan receives a guide to the residents' association website and asks his son Jun to read it. It has five steps: open the community site, log in with a username and password, choose New Complaint, write the complaint or suggestion courteously, and press Send to see a confirmation screen. When explaining the steps to someone, keep them in order. Example: Jun tells his father, 'Mula-mula, ayah log masuk dengan kata laluan.' Watch out: a password must be kept secret and never shared with strangers.

恳请 = mohon；路灯 = lampu jalan；懒惰 = malas 三则投诉都在讲路灯坏了，差别在于用词。有礼貌的投诉会用 mohon（恳请）、说明地点、最后道谢。骂人“懒惰”是在怪别人；“快点修，我等烦了”语气太冲。即使不满意，也要客气地提出。 例子：Mohon longkang di hadapan surau dibersihkan. 先说请求，再说谢谢。 注意：投诉时说清楚问题和地点，比发脾气更容易得到帮助。

please (formal) = mohon; street light = lampu jalan; lazy = malas All three complaints are about a broken street light; the difference is the wording. A courteous complaint uses mohon, names the place and ends with thanks. Calling people lazy blames them, and demanding a quick fix because you are fed up sounds rude. Even when unhappy, we raise a problem politely. Example: Mohon longkang di hadapan surau dibersihkan. Terima kasih. Watch out: stating the problem and place clearly gets help faster than showing anger.

好朋友 = sahabat；言谈 = tutur kata；粗话 = bahasa kasar；真诚 = ikhlas；关心 = mengambil berat 这篇作文题目是《我的好朋友》。大纲分开头、内容、结尾。每个内容要扩写成两三句：先写重点，再举一件事来说明。段落之间用连接词，例如 selain itu（此外）、akhirnya（最后），文章读起来才顺。 例子：内容“关心别人”可以扩写成：我生病时，她打电话来问候我。 注意：每一段只写一个重点，不要把所有内容挤在同一段。

best friend = sahabat; manner of speaking = tutur kata; rude language = bahasa kasar; sincere = ikhlas; care about = mengambil berat This composition is titled 'Sahabat Saya' (My Best Friend). The outline has an opening, body points and an ending. Expand each body point into two or three sentences: state the point, then give an event that shows it. Link paragraphs with connectors such as selain itu (besides that) and akhirnya (finally) so the writing flows. Example: the point 'cares about others' can become 'when I had a fever, she phoned to ask how I was'. Watch out: keep one main point per paragraph instead of squeezing everything into one.

扩写 = mengembangkan；温柔地 = dengan lembut；生气 = marah 大纲的重点是“不说粗话”。扩写的句子要说明同一个重点，所以“Amira 就算生气，说话还是很温柔”最合适。“喜欢吃椰浆饭”跟说话无关；“输了就说粗话”刚好跟重点相反。 例子：重点“守时”可以扩写成：Siew Lan selalu sampai ke sekolah awal. 注意：扩写要贴着重点，不能写成别的话题。

expand = mengembangkan; gently = dengan lembut; angry = marah The outline point is 'does not use rude language'. The expanding sentence must explain the same point, so 'Amira speaks gently even when she is angry' fits best. Liking nasi lemak has nothing to do with speech, and using rude words after losing is the exact opposite of the point. Example: the point 'always punctual' could become 'Siew Lan selalu sampai ke sekolah awal.' Watch out: an expanding sentence must stay on the point instead of drifting to another topic.

优美词语 = bahasa indah；和谐 = harmoni；同心 = muafakat；安宁 = sentosa；贡献 = berbakti 这首短诗用了好几个优美的词：berperi 是“说话”，harmoni 是和睦相处，bertolak ansur 是愿意让步，leka 是只顾玩而忘了正事，muafakat 是大家意见一致，sentosa 是平安幸福，berbakti 是为别人或国家付出。整首诗的意思是：说话温和、互相包容、一起为国家出力。 例子：Penduduk kampung itu hidup harmoni walaupun berlainan bangsa. 注意：leka 不是“快乐”，而是“玩得忘了该做的事”。

beautiful language = bahasa indah; harmony = harmoni; agreement = muafakat; peace and wellbeing = sentosa; serve = berbakti This short poem uses several elegant words. Berperi means to speak, harmoni means living together peacefully, bertolak ansur means being willing to give way, leka means so absorbed that you forget your duties, muafakat means agreeing together, sentosa means peaceful and prosperous, and berbakti means giving service to others or the country. Together the poem says: speak gently, accept one another and serve the nation together. Example: Penduduk kampung itu hidup harmoni walaupun berlainan bangsa. Watch out: leka does not mean happy; it means being carried away and neglecting what you should do.

配对 = padanan；说话 = berkata-kata；功劳 = jasa 把五个优美词语和意思配起来。berperi 跟“说话”有关；harmoni 是大家和睦、不吵架；leka 是玩得太投入而疏忽；muafakat 是意见一致；berbakti 是为别人付出、立下功劳。记不起来时，回到短诗里看它在哪一句出现。 例子：Doktor itu berbakti kepada penduduk kampung selama dua puluh tahun. 注意：muafakat 和 harmoni 都和团结有关，但一个是“意见一致”，一个是“相处和睦”。

matching = padanan; speaking = berkata-kata; service = jasa Match the five elegant words with their meanings. Berperi is about speaking; harmoni is living together without quarrels; leka is being so absorbed that you neglect things; muafakat is reaching agreement; berbakti is serving others and doing good deeds. If you forget one, look back at the line of the poem where it appears. Example: Doktor itu berbakti kepada penduduk kampung selama dua puluh tahun. Watch out: muafakat and harmoni both relate to unity, but one means agreeing and the other means living peacefully.

词根 = kata dasar；没加词缀 = belum menerima imbuhan；秋千 = buaian；滑梯 = gelongsor 词根就是还没加上任何前缀或后缀的词，例如 ambil、rosak、panjang、ganti、potong、cat。爸爸和邻居修理游乐场：秋千的绳子坏了、草太长了，负责人说“换掉绳子、剪草、刷油漆”，这些命令句里的动词都是词根。加上词缀后，就变成 menggantikan、dipotong、mengecat 等。 例子：Ambil penyapu itu. 里的 ambil 是词根；mengambil 就加了前缀。 注意：ketatkan 加了后缀 -kan，已经不是词根了，词根是 ketat。

root word = kata dasar; without affixes = belum menerima imbuhan; swing = buaian; slide = gelongsor A root word has no prefix or suffix yet, such as ambil, rosak, panjang, ganti, potong and cat. Father and the neighbours repair a playground: the swing rope is broken and the grass is too long, so the leader says to replace the rope, cut the grass and repaint the slide. The verbs in these commands are root words. With affixes they become menggantikan, dipotong, mengecat and so on. Example: in 'Ambil penyapu itu.', ambil is a root word, while mengambil carries a prefix. Watch out: ketatkan has the suffix -kan, so it is no longer a root word; its root is ketat.

剪 = potong；前缀 = awalan；被剪 = dipotong 三个词都来自同一个词根。memotong 前面加了 meN-，dipotong 前面加了 di-，都已经带有词缀。只有 potong 什么都没加，所以它是词根。 例子：词根 cat（油漆）加上 meN- 变成 mengecat（刷油漆）。 注意：判断词根时，看词的前面和后面有没有多出来的部分。

cut = potong; prefix = awalan; be cut = dipotong All three words come from the same root. Memotong has the prefix meN- and dipotong has the prefix di-, so both already carry affixes. Only potong has nothing added, so it is the root word. Example: the root cat (paint) becomes mengecat (to paint) with meN-. Watch out: to spot a root word, check for extra parts at the front or the back.

换掉 = ganti；绳子 = tali；坏的 = rosak 把六张字卡排成一句命令：“把那条坏了的秋千绳换掉。”命令句以动词词根 Ganti 开头，接着是东西 tali buaian（秋千绳），再用 yang rosak 说明是哪一条，最后 itu 带句号。 例子：Potong dahan yang patah itu. 注意：yang 后面接说明的词，所以 yang rosak 要连在一起。

replace = ganti; rope = tali; broken = rosak Arrange the six cards into a command: replace that broken swing rope. A command starts with the root verb Ganti, then names the thing, tali buaian, adds yang rosak to say which one, and ends with itu and the full stop. Example: Potong dahan yang patah itu. Watch out: yang introduces the describing word, so yang rosak stays together.

前缀 = imbuhan awalan；居民 = penduduk；集合 = berkumpul；散会 = bersurai；整齐 = teratur 前缀加在词根前面，会产生新的词。这一屏用居民开会的短文做例子：duduk 加 pen- 变成 penduduk（居民）；kumpul、tanya、surai 加 ber-；minta、dengar 加 meN-；atur、senyum 加 ter-。读到加了前缀的词，可以先找出它的词根，意思就容易猜。 例子：Murid-murid berbaris dengan teratur di padang. 注意：tanya 要加 ber- 变成 bertanya，不说 menanya。

prefix = imbuhan awalan; resident = penduduk; gather = berkumpul; disperse = bersurai; orderly = teratur A prefix is added before a root word to form a new word. This passage about a residents' meeting shows how duduk takes pen- to become penduduk (resident); kumpul, tanya and surai take ber-; minta and dengar take meN-; and atur and senyum take ter-. When you meet a prefixed word, find its root first and the meaning becomes easier to guess. Example: Murid-murid berbaris dengan teratur di padang. Watch out: tanya takes ber- to become bertanya; we do not say menanya.

变体 = bentuk；元音 = huruf vokal；脱落 = gugur 前缀 meN- 会跟着词根的第一个字母改变样子：l、m、n、r、w 用 me-；b、p 用 mem-；c、d、j、t 用 men-；元音和 g、h、k 用 meng-；s 用 meny-。词根开头如果是 p、t、k、s，这个字母会脱落，例如 tulis 变 menulis，sapu 变 menyapu。 例子：kira 加 meN- 变成 mengira，k 不见了。 注意：常见的错误是把 tulis 写成“mentulis”、把 sapu 写成“mensapu”，记得要让字母脱落。

form = bentuk; vowel = huruf vokal; dropped = gugur The prefix meN- changes shape according to the first letter of the root. Use me- before l, m, n, r and w; mem- before b and p; men- before c, d, j and t; meng- before vowels, g, h and k; and meny- before s. If the root starts with p, t, k or s, that letter drops out, so tulis becomes menulis and sapu becomes menyapu. Example: kira becomes mengira, and the k disappears. Watch out: a common mistake is writing 'mentulis' or 'mensapu'; remember to drop the letter.

听 = dengar；主席 = pengerusi；仔细 = teliti 词根 dengar 以 d 开头，d 要配 men-，而且 d 不会脱落，所以是 mendengar。menengar 把 d 去掉了，这是只有 t 才会发生的变化；medengar 用错了前缀形式。 例子：词根 jual 以 j 开头，加 meN- 变成 menjual。 注意：只有 p、t、k、s 会脱落，d 和 j 都要保留。

listen = dengar; chairperson = pengerusi; carefully = teliti The root dengar begins with d, which takes men-, and the d stays, giving mendengar. Menengar wrongly drops the d, a change that happens only with t, and medengar uses the wrong form of the prefix. Example: the root jual starts with j, so with meN- it becomes menjual. Watch out: only p, t, k and s drop out; d and j always stay.

问 = tanya；日期 = tarikh；大扫除 = gotong-royong Encik Lee 在居民会议上开口提问，想知道大扫除是哪一天。tanya 这个词根要加 ber- 变成 bertanya（发问）。很多人以为要用 meN-，写成 menanya，这在标准马来文里是错的。tertanya 也不是“发问”的意思。 例子：新同学向老师询问上课的时间表，这个“询问”的动作也要写成 bertanya，而不是加上 meN- 的形式。 注意：表示“问、走、玩”的 tanya、jalan、main 这些词常加 ber-，变成 bertanya、berjalan、bermain。

ask = tanya; date = tarikh; community clean-up = gotong-royong Encik Lee asks a question at the meeting, and the root tanya takes ber- to become bertanya. Many people expect meN- and write menanya, but that is wrong in standard Malay, and tertanya does not mean asking a question either. Example: Murid baharu itu bertanya tentang jadual kelas. Watch out: roots like tanya, jalan and main usually take ber-: bertanya, berjalan, bermain.