Toleransi Kukuhkan Perpaduan

合唱团 = koir；建议 = cadangan；决定 = keputusan；条件 = syarat Mei Ling、Arjun 和 Farid 看教师节合唱比赛的海报，根据海报一问一答：几号比赛、在哪里、每组要几个人。讨论时，提出建议可以说“Saya mencadangkan…”或“Apa kata kita…”；大家同意后做决定，可以说“Kita setuju…”或“Baiklah, kita putuskan…”。 例子：Apa kata kita memakai baju batik semasa pertandingan? 注意：回答海报问题时，答案要从海报上找，不要自己乱猜。

choir = koir; suggestion = cadangan; decision = keputusan; condition = syarat Mei Ling, Arjun and Farid read a poster for the Teachers' Day choir competition and ask and answer questions from it: the date, the place and how many members each group needs. To make a suggestion, say 'Saya mencadangkan...' or 'Apa kata kita...'. Once everyone agrees, announce the decision with 'Kita setuju...' or 'Baiklah, kita putuskan...'. Example: Apa kata kita memakai baju batik semasa pertandingan? Watch out: answers about the poster must come from the poster itself, not from guessing.

建议 = cadangan；练习 = berlatih；上一个 = yang lalu 建议是提出“我们可以怎么做”的想法，事情还没发生。用“Saya mencadangkan…”开头的句子正是在提建议。说“上星期三已经练过了”是在讲过去的事；说“星期三是一周的第三天”只是一件事实，都不是建议。 例子：Apa kata kita meminta bantuan Cikgu Lim untuk melatih kita? 注意：建议常用 mencadangkan、apa kata、bagaimana kalau 这些说法。

suggestion = cadangan; practise = berlatih; last = yang lalu A suggestion puts forward an idea for something we could do; it has not happened yet. The sentence beginning 'Saya mencadangkan...' is exactly that. Saying we already practised last Wednesday describes the past, and saying Wednesday is the third day of the week is just a fact, so neither is a suggestion. Example: Apa kata kita meminta bantuan Cikgu Lim untuk melatih kita? Watch out: suggestions often use mencadangkan, apa kata or bagaimana kalau.

营养 = nutrisi；毫升 = mililiter；千卡 = kilokalori；毫克 = miligram；配料 = ramuan 学校牛奶盒上的标签有很多资料：容量用毫升（ml），热量用千卡（kcal），蛋白质用克（g），钙质用毫克（mg）。配料（ramuan）列出做这盒牛奶用了哪些材料。读标签时，先找项目名称，再看同一行的数字和单位。 例子：要找热量，就看 Tenaga 那一行：130 kilokalori。 注意：gram 和 miligram 不一样，1 克等于 1000 毫克，单位不能看错。

nutrition = nutrisi; millilitre = mililiter; kilocalorie = kilokalori; milligram = miligram; ingredients = ramuan The label on a school milk carton holds plenty of information. Volume is in millilitres (ml), energy in kilocalories (kcal), protein in grams (g) and calcium in milligrams (mg). The ramuan line lists what went into the milk. To read a label, find the item name first, then read the number and unit on the same row. Example: to find the energy, look at the Tenaga row: 130 kilokalori. Watch out: a gram and a milligram are different; one gram is 1000 milligrams, so read the unit carefully.

容量 = isi padu；液体 = cecair；一盒 = sekotak 容量是问一盒装了多少牛奶，液体的容量用毫升计算，所以答案是 200 毫升。130 千卡是热量，240 毫克是钙质的分量，都不是容量。看清楚单位，就知道每个数字在说什么。 例子：Sebotol air mineral itu mengandungi 500 mililiter air. 注意：题目问哪一项，就去找那一行，不要只挑最大的数字。

volume = isi padu; liquid = cecair; one carton = sekotak Volume asks how much milk one carton holds, and liquids are measured in millilitres, so the answer is 200 millilitres. 130 kilocalories is the energy and 240 milligrams is the amount of calcium, so neither is the volume. Reading the units tells you what each number means. Example: Sebotol air mineral itu mengandungi 500 mililiter air. Watch out: find the row for the item asked; do not just pick the biggest number.

记叙文 = karangan naratif；开头 = pendahuluan；内容 = isi；结尾 = penutup；腰布 = samping；披肩 = selendang 写故事先列大纲：开头交代时间、地点、人物；内容按先后写发生的事；结尾写感受或学到什么。这个故事讲国庆日合唱表演前，Daniel 忘了带马来服装的腰布，Amir 借他哥哥的腰布，Kavitha 帮女同学整理披肩，表演顺利完成。 例子：开头可写“Pada Hari Kebangsaan, kami bersiap di belakang pentas.” 注意：内容段要照事情发生的顺序写，不能先写表演成功再写忘记带腰布。

narrative = karangan naratif; opening = pendahuluan; body = isi; ending = penutup; sarong wrap = samping; shawl = selendang Plan a story with an outline first. The opening gives the time, place and characters; the body tells events in order; the ending shares feelings or a lesson. In this story, Daniel forgets his samping before a National Day choir show, Amir lends him his brother's, Kavitha fixes a friend's shawl, and the show goes well. Example: an opening line could be 'Pada Hari Kebangsaan, kami bersiap di belakang pentas.' Watch out: write the body in the order things happened; do not tell of the success before the forgotten samping.

结尾 = penutup；合作 = bekerjasama；着急 = cemas 结尾放在所有事情发生之后，写大家的感受或学到的道理。“我们很高兴能一起合作”正是感受加上道理。“那天早上我们在台后准备”是交代时间地点，属于开头；“Daniel 忘了带腰布很着急”是事情的经过，属于内容。 例子：Sejak hari itu, kami lebih menghargai rakan yang berlainan kaum. 注意：结尾不要再加入新的事件，只要收尾。

ending = penutup; cooperate = bekerjasama; anxious = cemas The ending comes after all the events and shares feelings or a lesson. 'We were happy to work together' gives both a feeling and a lesson. 'That morning we got ready backstage' sets the time and place, so it belongs in the opening, while Daniel worrying about his forgotten samping is an event in the body. Example: Sejak hari itu, kami lebih menghargai rakan yang berlainan kaum. Watch out: an ending should not bring in a new event; it simply wraps up the story.

否定词 = kata nafi；不是 = bukan；不 = tidak；米粒彩绘 = kolam beras Mei Ling、Arjun 和 Farid 一起用彩色米粒画 kolam 图案。马来文有两个常用否定词：bukan 接名词短语或介词短语，意思是“不是”；tidak 接动词短语或形容词短语，意思是“不、没有”。先看否定词后面接什么，再决定用哪一个。 例子：Itu bukan pensel warna（后面是名词）；Arjun tidak penat（后面是形容词）。 注意：不能说“tidak beras putih”，名词前面要用 bukan。

negative word = kata nafi; not (is not) = bukan; not / does not = tidak; rice art = kolam beras Mei Ling, Arjun and Farid create a kolam pattern with coloured rice. Malay has two common negative words. Bukan comes before a noun phrase or a prepositional phrase and means 'is not'. Tidak comes before a verb phrase or an adjective phrase and means 'not' or 'does not'. Look at what follows the blank to decide. Example: Itu bukan pensel warna (noun follows); Arjun tidak penat (adjective follows). Watch out: never say 'tidak beras putih'; a noun needs bukan.

最喜欢的颜色 = warna kegemaran；名词短语 = frasa nama；还没 = belum 空格后面是“warna kegemaran saya”（我最喜欢的颜色），这是名词短语，所以否定要用 bukan，意思是“那绿色不是我最喜欢的颜色”。tidak 要接动词或形容词；belum 是“还没有”，用在事情还没发生的时候，这里也不对。 例子：Itu bukan beg saya, itu beg Arjun. 注意：判断时只看空格后面紧接的词是什么词类。

favourite colour = warna kegemaran; noun phrase = frasa nama; not yet = belum After the blank comes 'warna kegemaran saya' (my favourite colour), a noun phrase, so we deny it with bukan: the green is not my favourite colour. Tidak must be followed by a verb or adjective, and belum means 'not yet', used for things that have not happened, so it does not fit either. Example: Itu bukan beg saya, itu beg Arjun. Watch out: decide by looking only at the word class right after the blank.

散落 = bertaburan；地板 = lantai；不要 = jangan 空格后面是 bertaburan（散落），这是动词，所以否定要用 tidak：彩色米没有撒得满地都是。bukan 只接名词或介词短语；jangan 是“不要”，用来叫别人别做事，放在这个叙述句里意思不对。 例子：Mei Ling tidak membuang sisa beras ke dalam longkang. 注意：jangan 是祈使词，不是否定词，不能拿来描述已经发生的事。

scattered = bertaburan; floor = lantai; do not = jangan After the blank comes bertaburan (scattered), a verb, so we use tidak: the coloured rice did not scatter on the floor. Bukan only goes before noun or prepositional phrases, and jangan means 'do not', a command word that does not fit a sentence describing what happened. Example: Mei Ling tidak membuang sisa beras ke dalam longkang. Watch out: jangan is a command word, not a negative word, so it cannot describe an event.

助动词 = kata bantu；时间助词 = kata bantu aspek；情态助词 = kata bantu ragam 助动词放在动词或形容词前面。时间类说明事情在什么时候：telah／sudah（已经）、sedang（正在）、masih（还在）、akan（将会）、belum（还没）、pernah（曾经）。情态类说明说话人的看法或可能性：mungkin（可能）、boleh（可以）、patut（应该）、dapat（能够）。这里用全班猜新老师名字的游戏做例子。 例子：Kita boleh bertanya kepada guru besar. 表示“可以”这么做。 注意：句子里有 sekarang（现在）常配 sedang，有 esok（明天）常配 akan。

auxiliary word = kata bantu; time auxiliary = kata bantu aspek; mood auxiliary = kata bantu ragam Auxiliaries come before a verb or adjective. Time auxiliaries show when something happens: telah or sudah (already), sedang (in the middle of), masih (still), akan (will), belum (not yet) and pernah (have ever). Mood auxiliaries show the speaker's attitude or a possibility: mungkin (maybe), boleh (may), patut (should) and dapat (able to). The examples come from a class game of guessing a new teacher's name. Example: Kita boleh bertanya kepada guru besar. means we are allowed to ask. Watch out: 'sekarang' (now) usually goes with sedang, and 'esok' (tomorrow) with akan.

现在 = sekarang；正在 = sedang；将会 = akan 句子开头有 Sekarang（现在），表示游戏此刻正在进行，所以用 sedang。telah 是“已经”，表示游戏玩完了；akan 是“将会”，表示还没开始。两个都和“现在”矛盾。 例子：Sekarang, Cikgu Rani sedang memperkenalkan dirinya. 注意：先找句子里表示时间的词，再选时间助词。

now = sekarang; in progress = sedang; will = akan The sentence begins with Sekarang (now), so the game is happening at this moment and we use sedang. Telah means the game is already over, and akan means it has not started yet; both clash with 'now'. Example: Sekarang, Cikgu Rani sedang memperkenalkan dirinya. Watch out: find the time word in the sentence first, then choose the matching time auxiliary.

应该 = patut；曾经 = pernah；节庆 = perayaan；尊重 = menghormati 这句话是在劝大家：我们应该尊重不同宗教朋友的节日。表达“应该”的情态助词是 patut。pernah 是“曾经”，说的是过去的经验；sedang 是“正在”，说的是此刻的动作，都不是劝告的语气。 例子：Kita patut mengucapkan selamat kepada rakan yang menyambut perayaan. 注意：给建议或劝告时，常用 patut 或 perlu。

should = patut; have ever = pernah; festival = perayaan; respect = menghormati This sentence gives advice: we should respect the festivals of friends of other religions. The mood auxiliary meaning 'should' is patut. Pernah means 'have ever' and talks about past experience, while sedang means 'in the middle of' and describes an action now, so neither gives advice. Example: Kita patut mengucapkan selamat kepada rakan yang menyambut perayaan. Watch out: when giving advice, patut or perlu is the usual choice.

数量词 = kata bilangan；确定 = tentu；不确定 = tak tentu；集合 = himpunan；分数 = pecahan；表示位置的数量词 = kata bilangan yang menunjukkan kedudukan 数量词分五种：确定数词说出准确数目（tiga 三）；不确定数词只说大概（beberapa 几个）；集合数词把一组全部包括（kedua-dua 两个都）；分数词说出一部分（separuh 一半）；表示位置的数量词说排第几（pertama 第一）。这里用团结运动会做例子，句子会更具体。 例子：Ketiga-tiga orang pelari itu berpelukan di garisan penamat. 注意：pertama 是“第一名”，satu 是“一个”，一个讲次序，一个讲数量。

number word = kata bilangan; definite = tentu; indefinite = tak tentu; collective = himpunan; fraction = pecahan; number word showing position = kata bilangan yang menunjukkan kedudukan There are five kinds of number words. Definite numbers give an exact count (tiga). Indefinite ones give a rough amount (beberapa). Collective ones include the whole group (kedua-dua, both). Fractions name a part (separuh, half). Number words showing position tell where something stands (pertama, first). A Unity Sports Day is used here, and these words make sentences more precise. Example: Ketiga-tiga orang pelari itu berpelukan di garisan penamat. Watch out: pertama means first place while satu means one; one is order, the other is amount.

种类 = jenis；一半 = separuh；几个 = beberapa；两个都 = kedua-dua 把五个数量词和它的种类配起来。问自己：是准确数目、大概数目、一组全部、一部分，还是排第几？tiga 是准确的“三”；beberapa 只说“几个”，不确定；kedua-dua 指两个都包括；separuh 是一半；pertama 是第一名。 例子：Suku daripada kek itu sudah dimakan——suku（四分之一）也是分数词。 注意：kedua-dua（两个都）和 kedua（第二）长得像，意思完全不同。

type = jenis; half = separuh; several = beberapa; both = kedua-dua Match the five number words with their types. Ask yourself: is it an exact count, a rough amount, a whole group, a part, or a position? Tiga is exactly three; beberapa is an unclear 'several'; kedua-dua includes both; separuh is half; pertama is first place. Example: Suku daripada kek itu sudah dimakan, where suku (a quarter) is also a fraction word. Watch out: kedua-dua (both) and kedua (second) look alike but mean completely different things.